Ecology and the Biosphere

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Ecology and the Biosphere

• Chapter 3 and 4

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• Unit II - Ecology
• Ecology
• - the study of the relationships between
  organisms and their environment (biotic and
  abiotic

Christensen, John W. and Teri L. Christensen.
Global Science. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company,
Dubuque, Iowa. 2006.
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• Why is it important to study ecology?
• So we can.

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
Christensen, John W. and Teri L. Christensen.
Global Science. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company,
Dubuque, Iowa. 2006.
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Ecosystem Services
Solar energy
Production of oxygen
Storage and recycling of nutrients
Regulation of climate
Purification of water and air
Storage distribution of fresh water
Food production
Nursery habits for wildlife
Detoxification of human and industrial waste
Natural pest and disease control
Management of soil erosion runoff
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
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• I. What is Ecology?
• A. Interactions and Interdependence
• 1. Todays Ecological Issues
• a. Exploding Human Population

http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worldbalance/numb-fla
sh.html
Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991.
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Human Population Growth
Industrial Revolution begins
Agriculture begins
Bubonic plague
Plowing and irrigation
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991.
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Christensen, John W. and Teri L. Christensen.
Global Science. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company,
Dubuque, Iowa. 2006.
18

• b. Sixth Mass Extinction

http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3667300.stm
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• c. Thinning Ozone Layer

Total ozone values shown for high southern
latitudes as measured by a NASA satellite
instrument. http//www.research.noaa.gov/climate/t
_ozonelayer.html
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• d. Climatic Changes
• 1) Greenhouse Effect
• a) gradual warming of the Earths atmosphere
  due to the insulating effect of gases in the
  atmosphere, such as CO2 and H2O vapor

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Sunlight
Some heat escapes into space
Greenhouse gases trap some heat
Atmosphere
Earths surface
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2002?
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• Levels Within Levels
• An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms
  that live in a particular place, together with
  their nonliving, or physical, environment. Within
  an ecosystem, there are several levels of
  organization. Your school and its grounds are
  similar to an ecosystem.

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Levels Within Levels

• 1. What living things are found in and around
  your school?
• 2. What nonliving things are found in your
  school?
• 3. Into what large groups are the students in
  your school divided?
• 4. Into what smaller groups are these large
  groups divided?
• 5. Are these groups ever divided into even
  smaller groups? If so, what are these groups?

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B. Levels of Organization

• 1. Atom
• 2. Molecule
• 3. Organelle
• 4. Cell
• 5. Tissue
• 6. Organ
• 7. Organ System
• 8. Organism

• 9. Population
• 10. Community
• 11. Ecosystem
• 12. Biome
• 13. Biosphere

Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991.
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Oxygen atom - http//www.chem4kids.com/files/eleme
nts/008_shells.html hydrogen atom -
http//www.chem4kids.com/files/elements/001_shells
.html water molecule - http//encarta.msn.com/med
ia_461556496_761567432_-1_1/water_molecule.html
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Muscle tissue - http//www.microscopy.fsu.edu/prim
er/anatomy/brightfieldgallery/mammaliansmoothmuscl
e40xsmall.html stomach drawing -
http//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/
BioBookAnimalTS.htmls neuron -
http//www.google.com/search?qpartsofaneuronh
lenstart10saN
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Systems - http//trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/
week10/systems1.gif digestive system -
http//images.main.uab.edu/healthsys/ei_0132.gif
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Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
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• C. Land Biomes
• 1. Tundra
• 2. Taiga
• 3. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 4. Temperate Grasslands
• 5. Deserts
• 6. Savannas
• 7. Tropical Rain Forests

Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991
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Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.
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• D. Aquatic Ecosystems
• 1. Freshwater Ecosystems
• a. Flowing-Water Ecosystems
• b. Standing-Water Ecosystems
• c. Freshwater Wetlands
• 2. Estuaries

Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.
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• 3. Marine Ecosystems
• a. Intertidal Zone
• b. Coastal Ocean
• c. Coral Reefs
• d. Open Ocean
• e. Benthic Zone

Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.
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The Worlds Major Land Biomes
Tropical rain forest
Temperate grassland
Temperate forest
Tundra
Northwestern coniferous forest
Mountains and ice caps
Tropical dry forest
Desert
Tropical savanna
Temperate woodland and shrubland
Boreal forest (Taiga)
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
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Earths Many Biomes Part I
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Earths Many Biomes Part II
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• 1. Make a list of five foods that you like to
  eat. Indicate whether the food comes from a plant
  (producer) or an animal (consumer).
• 2. Like many birds, chickens eat grains, which
  are seeds. Where do seeds come from?
• 3. Meat comes from beef cattle. What do cattle
  eat?
• 4. Construct a diagram showing how one of your
  favorite foods obtains its energy. Include as
  many levels as you can.

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• II. Energy Flow
• A. Producers
• 1. Energy from the sun
• a. Autotrophs
• 1) organisms that create their
• own energy
• 2) plants, some algae, some
• bacteria (i.e. cyanobacteria)
• b. Photosynthesis
• 1) the process of using the suns
• energy to create food

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• 2. Life without light
• a. Chemosynthesis
• - when organisms use chemical energy
  (inorganic compounds) to produce carbohydrates
  (i.e. glucose)
• b. bacteria volcanic vents, hot
• springs, tidal marshes

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
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• B. Consumers
• 1. Heterotrophs
• a. organisms that obtain energy by
• consuming other organisms
• 2. Types of Heterotrophs
• a. Herbivores
• b. Carnivores
• c. Omnivores

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• d. Detritivores
• 1) feed on plant and animal
• remains and other dead matter
• 2) mites, earthworms, snails,
• crabs
• e. Decomposers
• 1) breaks down organic matter
• 2) bacteria and fungi

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• C. Feeding Relationships
• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
  direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to
  autotrophs (producers) and then to various
  heterotrophs (consumers)
• 1. Food Chains
• 2. Food Webs
• 3. Trophic Levels
• a. each step in a food chain or web

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Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
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• D. Ecological Pyramids
• 1. Energy Pyramid
• 2. Biomass Pyramid
• 3. Pyramid of Numbers

Christensen, John W. and Teri L. Christensen.
Global Science. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company,
Dubuque, Iowa. 2006.
45
Ecological Pyramids
Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt,
Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.
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Ecological Pyramids
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
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• III. Ecosystem Recycling
• A. Biogeochemical Cycle
• 1. water and minerals move from the abiotic
  portion of the environment, into living things
  and back again
• 2. carbon, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, etc.

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Its Raining, Its Pouring

• How many times have you had to change your plans
  because of rain? It probably didnt help if
  someone tried to cheer you up by saying, But we
  really need the rain.
• However, rain is important. If it didnt rain,
  how would living things on land get water?

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• 1. When rain falls on the ground, it either soaks
  into the soil or runs across the surface of the
  soil. When rainwater runs across the land, what
  body of water might collect the rain?
• 2. From here, where might the water flow?
• 3. After the rain, the sun comes out and the land
  dries. Where does the water that had been on the
  land go?
• 4. Construct a diagram that would illustrate all
  the places a molecule of water might go. Begin
  with a raindrop and end with a cloud.

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The Water Cycle
Condensation
Precipitation
Runoff
Leaching
Root Uptake
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2002?
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• B. The Water Cycle
• 1. Cells are 70-90 water
• 2. Most of lifes chemical reactions occur in
  water

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The Water Cycle
Condensation
Precipitation
Runoff
Leaching
Root Uptake
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
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• C. The Carbon Cycle
• 1. Photosynthesis and Respiration
• 2. Photosynthesis
• CO2 H2O light O2 C6H12O6
• 3. Cellular Respiration
• O2 C6H12O6 CO2 H2O energy

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CarbonCycle
CO2 in Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
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• 4. Human Influence
• - CO2 increased 30 in last 150 years
• b. caused by
• 1) burning of fossil fuels
• 2) burning of vegetation such as rain
  forests
• 3) decrease in of plants

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• D. The Nitrogen Cycle
• 1. N needed to make proteins and
• nucleic acids
• 2. N2 gas 78 of atmosphere
• 3. But, most organisms use only ammonia/NH3

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The Nitrogen Cycle
N2 in Atmosphere
NO3- and NO2-
NH3
Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall.
2002?
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Cycles in Nature
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• THE END