Biogeography

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Biogeography
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Zoogeographic Regions
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The Distribution of Birds

• Vicariance on order or family level
• No Pangea connection for modern birds

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The Distribution of Birds

• Gondwanaland / Laurasia
• May have affected two lineages in late Jurassic
  Cretaceous

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The Distribution of Birds

• Archaeopteryx
• Liaoningornis
• Isolated Oriental
• 1 ? Strong connection among southern continents
• 2 ? Strong connection among Holarctic

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Southern Connection

• Connects the older lineages
• Explains distributions of families/orders
• Ethiopian
• Neotropical
• Australasian

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Southern Connection

• Ratites (flightless)
• Penguins (flightless)
• Neotropics, Antarctic, Australasian, Ethiopian

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The Distribution of Birds

• Hesperonis
• Ichthyornis
• Enantiornithes
• Ancient shorebird order, few others?
• Isolated Oriental

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Worldwide Lineages (flying)

• Psittaciformes (Parrots)
• Columbiformes (Pigeons)
• Galliformes (Pheasants Quail)
• Cuculiformes (Cuckoos)

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Worldwide Lineages
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Worldwide Lineages (flying)
QUAIL
PARROTS
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Greenland Connection 65 MYA

• Tropical Connection
• Climate change shifts distributions
• Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental
• Family Level
• Trogons, Barbets

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Bering Connection (recent)

• Originally Boreal
• Currently Tundra
• No holarctic connection for temperate biomes
• Lots of genus and species

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Holarctic Connections
Boreal / Tundra Bering Connection
Tropical Greenland Connection

• Many Temperate Connections Due to Convergence
• All Similarities in Passerines

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Panama Connection 6 MYA

• Genus level
• Warm Species
• Both Directions
• Latitudinal vs. Longitudinal dispersion

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Borneo Connection last 15 MY

• Wallaces Line
• nature of ease of movement
• One-way Movement
• Monarch Flycatchers
• Bee-eaters

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Temperate Convergence
Eastern Meadowlark
Yellow-throated Longclaws
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Temperate Convergence
African Black-headed Oriole
African Golden Oriole
Orchard Oriole
Black-crimson Oriole
Audubons Oriole
Altamira Oriole
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Tropical Convergence
Bee-eater
Jacamar
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Tropical Convergence
Hornbill
Toucan
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Tropical Convergence
Sunbird
Hummingbird
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Diversity

• Australia
• Isolated 50 15 MYA
• Passerine radiation
• Indian (Oriental)
• 150 45 MYA
• Few endemics
• S. America
• 65 6 MYA

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Diversity

• Africa
• Similar fauna in arid and tropic regions
• Ineffective Barriers
• Vicariant events
• Palearctic / Nearctic
• Size
• Temperate Species

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Worldwide Distribution

• Waterbirds
• Gulls
• Shorebirds
• Seabirds
• Rails
• Herons
• Ducks

• Mobile Landbirds
• Hawks
• Owls
• Swallows
• Swifts