VIII. Eukaryote Cells- Protista, Plantae, Fungi, & Animalia

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VIII. Eukaryote Cells-
Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

• A. Distinguishing characteristics
• B. Organelles cytoplasmic structures
• C. Plant, Animal, Fungi cells

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A. Distinguishing characteristics

• 1. Nuclear membrane present, defining
  characteristic
• 2. Genetic material- multiple, linear pairs of
  DNA organized around protein
• 3. Ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic
  reticulum, Golgi complexes, lysosomes . . .
• 4. Chlorophyll- if present, in thylakoids in
  chloroplasts
• 5. Flagella- if present, always wave 9-2 fibril
  arrangement
• 6. Cell wall- if present, cellulose in plants
  chitin in fungi

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B. Organelles Cytoplasmic Structures
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1. Plasma Membrane

• a. Cell/nucleus boundary
• b. Be regulates what enters leaves
• c. Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane
  engage in contact signaling, electric signaling,
  chemical signaling

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2. Nucleolus

• a. One or two in nucleus
• b. Ribosome subunit assembly

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3. Chromosomes

• a. Paired linear structures in nucleus, visible
  during mitosis
• b. DNA organized around histones
• c. Histones- code to control gene expression
• d. Chromatin- diffuse, relaxed, uncoiled DNA,
  interphase

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4. Mitochondria,
1-5mm

• a. Autonomous chromosome, single loop of DNA like
  prokaryotes ribosomes
• b. Divide separately, not made by cell
• c. Complete the conversion of chemical energy of
  glucose to ATP
• d. Found in all eukaryotic cells

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5. Chloroplasts,
5-10mm

• a. Autonomous chromosome, single loop of DNA like
  prokaryotes ribosomes
• b. Divide separately, not made by cell
• c. Convert light energy, H2O, CO2 into PGAL,
  PGAL to glucose other carbon compounds
• d. Found in plant cells and some protista

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6. Ribosomes

• a. Site of protein synthesis, translates genetic
  code into amino acids assembles them into
  proteins
• b. Free- synthesis of proteins for use in the
  cell
• c. Attached- synthesis of proteins for use
  outside the cell
• d. Structure

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d. Ribosome Structure

• 1.) Three separate strands of RNA with several
  dozen attached proteins
• 2.) Large subunit
• 3.) Small subunit

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2.) Large Subunit

• a.) Two strands, one long one short
• b.) Long strand functions as ribozyme
• c.) Ribozyme- enzyme-like activity that helps
  form peptide bond between amino acids

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3.) Small Subunit

• a.) Medium length RNA strand
• b.) Functional part of ribosome
• c.) Lines up tRNA anticodon with its
  complementary mRNA codon
• d.) Allows other end of tRNA its amino acid to
  interact with ribozyme of large subunit

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7. Endoplasmic Reticulum

• a. Interconnected membranous channels in the
  cytoplasm
• b. Rough ER- have ribosomes, involved in protein
  synthesis
• c. Smooth ER- no ribosomes, synthesis of lipids
  steroid hormones

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8. Golgi Complexes

• a. Stacks of flat membranous sacs derived from ER
  
• b. Modify finish proteins lipids

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9. Lysosomes

• a. Membranous vesicles derived from Golgi
  complexes
• b. Digest spent organelles food

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10. Peroxisomes

• a. Membranous vesicles derived from ER
• b. Contain enzymes that synthesis decompose
  lipids
• c. Plasmalogens- maintain myelin sheath in
  animals
• d. Convert stored fats to sugar in seedlings
  photosynthetic enzymes in plants

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11. Cytoskeleton

• a. Microtubules
• b. Microfilaments
• c. Intermediate filaments

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a. Microtubules

• 1.) Large hollow tubes of protein, tubulin
• 2.) Cell shape organelle distribution
• 3.) Constantly changing

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b. Microfilaments

• 1.) Composed of contractile protein, actin
• 2.) Changes in cell shape cell motility

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c. Intermediate filaments

• 1.) Tough insoluble protein fibers
• 2.) Desmosomes- resist pulling forces on cell
• 3.) Stable most permanent part of cytoskeleton

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12. Centrosome

• a. Microtubule organizing center
• b. Contains paired centrioles

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13. Centrioles

• a. Three triplets of microtubules orthogonally
  opposed to each other
• b. Organize mitotic spindle for cell division in
  animals some protists
• c. Form basis of cilia flagella

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14. Flagella

• a. Long, single to few movement structures
• b. Formed from centrioles
• c. Euglenophyta, Pyrophyta, spermatozoa

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15. Cilia

• a. Short numerous movement structures
• b. Formed from centrioles
• c. Paramecium pseudostratified columnar
  epithelia cells of respiratory tract

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C. Plant, Fungi, Animal Cells

• 1. Plant Cells
• 2. Fungi Cells
• 3. Animal Cells

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1. Plant Cells

• a. Many box-shaped, but many are not
• b. Cell membrane with cell wall of cellulose
• c. Mitochondria chloroplasts
• d. Plastids for starch storage
• e. Central vacuole for water storage
• f. Centrioles absent

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2. Fungi Cells

• a. Multicellular, mostly box-shaped unicellular,
  ovoid
• b. Cell membrane with cell wall of chitin
• c. Mitochondria only, no chloroplasts
• d. Plastids, central vacuole, centrioles absent

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3. Animal Cells

• a. Irregular shapes
• b. Cell membrane, no cell wall
• c. Mitochondria only, no chloroplasts
• d. Plastids central vacuole absent
• e. Centrioles present

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