Making It: Supervision in the Community

1
Chapter 16

• Making It Supervision in the Community

2
conditions of release

• restrictions placed on parolees conduct that
  must be obeyed as a legally binding requirement
  of being released

3
revocation

• the cancellation or rescission of parole,
  accompanied by the return of the offender to
  prison, for either
• the commission of a new crime or
• a technical violation (failing to comply with the
  conditions of parole)
• revocations
• most revocations occur when parolee is arrested
  on a serious charge or cannot be located by the
  parole officer
• total failure rates from 25 to 50
• failure rate highest in 1st year after release

4
stages of revocation proceeding
probable cause?
return to prison?
determination of probable cause to believe that
violation has occurred
is violation severe enough to warrant return to
prison?or should offender remain on parole,
possibly with new conditions?

• notified of charges
• informed of evidence
• be heard
• present witnesses
• confront witnesses

OR should offender remain on parole, possibly
with new conditions?
5
how parole ends
data from 1999
percent of all parole discharges
6
factors affecting parole outcome
parole officer
parole environ-ment
parolee
bureaucracy
7
supervision process 3 stages

• Carl Klockars the relationships among the parole
  officer, the parole bureaucracy, the offender
  affect parole success.
• relationships develop over 3 stages
• definition
• officer parolee define nature of their
  relationship, including rules, expectations, and
  styles of behavior
• development
• role of bureaucracy lessens as officer parolee
  work through challenges
• rapport
• officer parolee develop rapport, communication,
  mutual trust

8
factors affecting parole outcome
parole officer
parole environ-ment
parolee
bureaucracy
Note changes in positive() negative(-)
attachments between forces as we move through the
3 stages of the supervision process.
9
Stage 1 definition
parole officer
parole environ-ment
?
? ? ?
-
parolee
bureaucracy
Officer has strongest attachment to bureaucracy,
weak attachment to parolee. Parolee maintains
little/no attachment to bureaucracy throughout!
10
stage 2 development
parole officer
parole environ-ment
? ? ?
?
?
-
parolee
bureaucracy
Officer attachment to bureaucracy is replaced by
stronger attachment to parolee.
11
stage 3 rapport
parole officer
parole environ-ment

? ?
? ? ?
? ?
-
parolee
bureaucracy
Officer attachment to bureaucracy is replaced by
strongest attachment to parolee.
12
dual role of parole officer
social worker
cop
conflict

• surveillance
• search
• enforcement
• arrest
• suspend parole
• initiate revocation

• find job
• restore family ties
• service referral
• intermediary
• advocate

13
parole officer role orientation(Daniel Glaser)
emphasis on control
emphasis on assistance
14
factors limiting parole officers approaches to
cases
organizational constraints
philosophy policy of organization
workload
15
community correctional center

• a small group-living facility for offenders,
  especially those recently released from prison
• programs often use renovated homes or small
  hotels
• usually provide counseling drug treatment
• impose strict curfew restrictions

16
two types of work release

• work release center
• a type of community correctional center that
  allows offenders to work in the community during
  the day while residing in the center during
  non-work hours
• originated in Wisconsin, 1913
• work furlough
• offenders work and live at home during the week
  and return to the prison for the weekend

17
offenders difficulties with post-release
experience
harsh realities
barriers to success close monitoring civil
disabilities job impediments
strangeness of re-entry unfamiliar world friends?
relationships? new decisions
unmet personal needs money job education
18
civil disabilities

• right to vote
• 3/4 states return the right after some period
• 10 states permanently disenfranchise felons
• 1.4 million Afr.-Amer. men (13 ) cannot vote
• 1/3 of black men in Alabama, Florida
• right to hold public office
• 21 states return the right after discharge from
  all forms of custody
• 19 permanently restrict the right
• other rights variously restricted
• jury service
• holding position of public trust (eg, most
  government jobs)

19
employment difficulties

• especially problematic, because of
• legal restrictions
• public distrust of ex-convicts
• unrealistic expectations of parolees
• some prison-trained jobs are restricted
• eg, barber, beautician, nurse
• occupations require restricted licenses
• jobs exclude people of moral turpitude
• available jobs are low-paying

20
solutions to civil disabilities?
civil remedies
pardon an act of clemency by executive branch of
state or federal government excusing an offense
absolving offender from consequences of crime
expungement of criminal record a legal process
that is supposed to result in removal of official
record of conviction in fact, records are
kept. process is cumbersome inadequate.
21
three purposes of pardon

• given only rarely, to
• remedy miscarriage of justice
• remove stigma of conviction
• mitigate a penalty

22
successful supervision
structured approaches to case management rather
than leaving supervision style to officers
discretion
offer tangible services rather than mere
surveillance
key elements

• job training
• money to find job, transportation
• monitor progress

• standardize intake interview
• monitor classification
• monitor case planning
• evaluate officers

23
4 steps to successful re-entry (Shadd Maruna)

• get substance abuse under control
• drug treatment, testing
• get a job
• money for bills
• offers security
• get community support system
• church, organized athletics
• get new sense of who I am
• old me is gone new person has taken over