Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Chapter 1

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I.Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• ____________________ the
  study of the structure and shape of the body and
  its parts and their relationships to one
  another..large body structures---gross anatomy
• v.__________________anatomy(too small to be seen
  w/o a microscope)

Anatomy
Microscopic
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Physiology
Cardiac physiology
Neuron-physiology

• _______________________study of how body and its
  parts work or function in nature.many
  subdivisions,like_______________________ and
  ______________________________
• Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology
• ---The 2 are always relatedStructures determine
  what functions can take place

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II. Levels of Structural Organization
chemical
molecules

• At the ______________________level atoms combine
  to make ____________________.
• At the __________________ level,__________are
  composed of molecules.
• At the _______________________, it is made of the
  same type of cells,functioning together.

cellular
cells
Tissue level
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• At the ____________________level,different
  tissues work together for a common function.
• At the organ system level different organs work
  together closely.
• the highest level is the organism

organ
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A.Organ System Overview

• ___________________________________external
  covering of the bodywaterproofs,cushions and
  protectsexcretes salts and urea in perspiration
  and helps regulate body ________________.Temp,pre
  ssure and pain receptors in the skin alert us at
  the body surface .

Integumentary system
temperature
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Skeletal System

• __________________________________consists of
  bones,cartilage,ligaments and joints.-supports
  body and provides framework for skeletal
  muscle-also protects.___________________-----form
  ation of blood cells takes place in bone marrow
  also storehouse for minerals

Hematopoiesis
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Muscular system

• _______________________________Contract or
  shorten to produce movement of body -skeletal
  muscles-or w/in organs-cardiac or smooth muscles
• _______________________________has brain,spinal
  cord ,nerves and sensory receptors as control
  system

Nervous system
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• _______________ controls body through hormonal
  control.Endocrine release hormones-chemicals-into
  the blood and they go to a target organ.These
  glands inc. the pituitary,thyroid,parathyroid,adre
  nals,thymus,pancreas,pineal,ovaries,and
  testesWhat is controlled includes
  growth,reproduction and food used by cells.

Endocrine System
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Cardiovascular System

• ____________includes the heart and blood vessels
  and blood,transporting oxygen and
  nutrients,hormones,etc.wbcs-protect
• Lymphatic System- inc. lymphatic vessels,lymph
  nodes organs ,such as the spleen and tonsils.The
  vessels return fluid leaked from the blood back
  to bloodthe nodes help clean the blood and are
  involved in immunity.

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• ________________-Basically a tube running through
  the body from mouth to anus-inc.
  mouth,esophagus,stomach,sm. and lg. intestine,and
  rectumBreak down food and deliver the products
  to blood so it will go to cells---undigested
  returns to be eliminated as feces

Digestive System
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• Urinary System-removes nitrogen containing wastes
  from blood and excretes as urine---maintains
  bodys water and salt balanceinc.
  kidneys,ureters,bladder,urethra
• Reproductive System-to produce offspring-----teste
  s male/ovaries-female

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III. Maintaining Life

• LIFE FUNCTIONS_
• Maintaining Boundaries-keep inside separate from
  outside
• Cells have membranes
• Body is surrounded by _________________ as will
  as does the internal organs.

Integumentary system
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• B.Movement. promoted by muscular system-
  walking,etc.using fingers.and bones provide
  support
• Movement also happens as__________________________
  ______are propelled through the organs

Substances such as blood
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• C.____________________-or Irritability is the
  ablity to sense changes (stimuli) in environment)
  and react
• Nerve cells highly irritable
• Other parts of your body respond to stimuli

responsiveness
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• D.Digestion-breaking down food into simple
  molecules to be absorbed into the blood,which
  goes to your body cells

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• E.___________-refers to all chemical reactions
  that occur w/in body cells---makes nutrients and
  oxygen available to the blood and on the
  cardiovascular system to distribute needed
  substances throughout the body---regulated
  greatly by hormones

metabolism
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indigestable

• F.Excretion-process of removing wastes from
  body-removes nonuseful substances produced during
  digestion and metabolism-feces from
  _____________digestion leftovers
• G._______________-Production of offspring
• H.__________is an increase in sizecells must be
  created taster than destroyed

reproduction
growth
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SURVIVAL NEEDS
Maintain life

• The goal of most body systems is to
  __________________.These fragile
  ____________________ include the following
• 1-_______________---body takes in as food and
  chemical reactions release energy from it using
  O2.Carbs are the main energy source..Proteins
  provide nutrients and fats build cell structures
  ,a last source for energy and cushion organs .

nutrients
Survival needs
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O2

• 2-________________ is necessary to derive most
  energy----It is required in Cellular
  respiration..it is in 20 of the air we
  breathe..It is also circulated to blood and cells
  by respiratory and cardio vascular systems
• 3--Water-is 60-80 body weight-most important
  molecule in the body and is the solvents for
  secretions and excretions.comes mostly from
  ingested foods and liquids and lost evaporation
  from lungs and skin and excretions

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Temperature

• 4--_____________________must remain at around 37
  degrees C (98 F).If it is too slow,metabolism
  stops and too high,proteins break down..death
  occurs at either extreme.
• 5--Atmospheric Pressure-- is the force on the
  surface of the body by the weight of
  air---atmospheric pressure----Too high altitudes
  may have gas exchange too low for metabolism

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IV. HOMEOSTASISbodys ability to maintain stable
internal conditions(even though outside world
changes)

• The body is DYNAMIC within narrow limits
• All organ systems involved examplesNutrient
  blood levels,heart activity and blood
  pressure,,waste eliminated and body temp.

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• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• ------3 components --what is regulated is called
  the variable
• 1-_______________________sensor that monitors and
  changes in environment
• 2-_______________________-Flows to here along
  afferent pathway-determines appropriate response
  or reaction.
• 3-Effector-provides output to stimulus---along
  efferent pathway----results feed back to
  influence stimulus----turning off----NEGATIVE or
  turn on---positive feed back Most body
  mechanism are negative feed back.

receptor
Control center
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Directional terms- allow medical personal to
describe exactly where one structure is in
relationship to another.They include the
following

• Superior-(cranial or cephalad)toward head or
  upper part
• Inferior- away from head or lower part
• Ventral-(anterior)front of body----front of
• Dorsal-(posterior)backof body-back of
  
• Medial- toward or at body midlineinner side
• Lateral- away from midlineon the outer side
• proximal-close to origin of body part or where it
  is attached
• distal-farther from origin
• superficial(external)---toward or at body surface
• Deep(internal) away from body surface-more
  internal

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Regional Terms-Visible body landmarks----see
figure 1.5 p.16----label in notes

• ANTERIOR____
• Abdominal ---anterior trunk below ribs
• Acromial----(Point) of shoulder
• Antebrachial-forearm
• Antecubital-ant. Surface of elbow
• Axillary-armpit
• Brachial-arm
• Buccal-cheek
• Carpal-wrist
• Cervical --neck region
• Coxal-hip
• Crural-leg
• Deltoid-curve of shoulder formed by lg deltoid
  muscle
• Digitalfingers,toes

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• Femoral---thigh
• Fibular---lateral part of leg
• Frontal forehead
• Inguinal-groin
• Nasal
• Oral
• Orbital-eye
• Patellar-knee
• Pubic-genital
• Sternal- breastbone
• Tarsal-ankle
• Thoracic-chest
• Umbilical-naval

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POSTERIOR____

• Calcaneal-heel
• Cephalic-head
• Femoral-thigh
• Gluteal-buttock
• Lumbar---back area between ribs and hips
• Occipital-back of head
• Olecranal-post. Surface of elbow
• Popliteal-post. Knee area
• Sacral-area between hips
• Scapular---shoulder blades

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BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

• In anatomy ,students make sections-or cuts---it
  is made along an imaginary line or
  __________.......being 3-D,we consider 3 types of
  planes
• Sagittal section is lengthwise or
  longitudinally----If the right and left parts are
  equal it is median or midgasittal
• Frontal section is lengthwise into ant. And post
  parts----also called coronal
• a Tranverse Section is cut along a horizontal
  plane,making superior and inferior parts----also
  called cross-section

plane
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
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BODY CAVITIES

• Dorsal cavity has 2 subdivisions
• cranial-in skull and
• spinal cavity-extends from cranial to end of
  vertebral column

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• Ventral body Cavity-
• Much largercontains all in chest and abdomen
• Thoracic cavity(lungs,heart.-separated by
  diaphragm------MEDIASTINUM-serarates right and
  left cavities
• Abdominopelvic cavity---stomach,liver,intestines--
  (superior)
• ---
• inferior-Pelvic cavity---reproductive organs

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• List the 9 separate regions separated by 4 planes
• ____________________
• _____________________
• ________________________
• _____________________
• ________________________
• ___________________________
• _____________________________
• _____________________________
• _________________________________

Umbilical region
Right and left iliac or inguinal region
Epigastric region
Right and left lumbar regions
Hypogastric(pubic )region
Right and left hypochondriac regions