Hydropower energy

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Hydropower energy
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B.C. Hydropower used by the Greeks to turn water wheels for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000 years ago.
Mid-1770s French hydraulic and military engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote Architecture Hydraulique, a four-volume work describing vertical- and horizontal-axis machines.
1775 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers founded, with establishment of Chief Engineer for the Continental Army.
1880 Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company, generating electricity by dynamo belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair Factory, lit up 16 brush-arc lamps.
1881 Niagara Falls city street lamps powered by hydropower.
1882 World's first hydroelectric power plant began operation on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin.
1886 About 45 water-powered electric plants in the U.S. and Canada.
1887 San Bernardino, Ca., opens first hydroelectric plant in the west.
1889 Two hundred electric plants in the U.S. use waterpower for some or all generation.
1901 First Federal Water Power Act.
1907 Hydropower provided 15 of U.S. electrical generation.
1920 Hydropower provided 25 of U.S. electrical generation. Federal Power Act establishes Federal Power Commission authority to issue licenses for hydro development on public lands.
1937 Bonneville Dam, first Federal dam, begins operation on the Columbia River. Bonneville Power Administration established.
1940 Hydropower provided 40 of electrical generation. Conventional capacity tripled in United States since 1920.
1980 Conventional capacity nearly tripled in United States since 1940.
2003 About 10 of U.S. electricity comes from hydropower. Today, there is about 80,000 MW of conventional capacity and 18,000 MW of pumped storage.
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Historical Growth of Hydroelectric power

• Currently Hydro power is 7 of the total US
  Energy
• Budget. This has been going decreasing with
  time
• This varies considerably with region in the US
  due to
• the availability of freely flowing streams
• Dam building really was initiated in the 1930's
  as part
• of a public works program to combat the
  depression
• Low cost per kWh caused exponential
• increase of dam building from 1950-1970
• Since 1970 hydroproduction has leveled off and
• therefore becomes an increasingly smaller
• percentage of the US energy budget.
• Hydropower is a natural renewable energy
• source

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• Hydropower production is sensitive to secular
• evolution of weather seasonal snowpacks,
  etc, etc.
• Long term droughts (10 years or so) seem to
  occur
• frequently in the West
• About 30 of the hydropotential in the US has
  been
• tapped to date
• Why is Hydro so attractive?
• BECAUSE ITS CHEAP! for the consumer average
• price is around 4 cents per kWh -     this
  is 3 times
• less than the national average!
• Low cost to the consumer reflect relatively low
• operating costs of the Hydro Facility. Most
  of the
• cost is in building the dam

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How hydropower works?
Hydrocycle
Because the water cycle is an endless, constantly
recharging system, hydropower is considered a
renewable energy
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Energy density in stored elevated water is high
one liter of water per second on a turbine
generates 720 watts of power. If this power can
be continuously generated for 24 hours per day
for one month then the total number of kWh per
month is then 720 watts x 24 hours/day x 30
days/month 518 kWh/month. Power generating
capacity is directly proportional to the height
the water falls. For example, for a fall of only
3 m, 30 times less electricity would be
generated (e.g. 17 Kwh/month) - but this is
just for a miniscule flow rate of 1 kg/sec.
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Types of Hydropower Plants

• impoundment,
• diversion,
• pumped storage

Impoundment The most common type of hydroelectric
power plant is an impoundment facility. An
impoundment facility, typically a large
hydropower system, uses a dam to store river
water in a reservoir. Water released from the
reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it,
which in turn activates a generator to produce
electricity. The water may be released either to
meet changing electricity needs or to maintain a
constant reservoir level.
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Diversion A diversion, sometimes called
run-of-river, facility channels a portion of a
river through a canal or penstock. It may not
require the use of a dam.
The Tazimina project in Alaska is an example of a
diversion hydropower plant. No dam was required.
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Pumped Storage When the demand for electricity
is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy
by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an
upper reservoir. During periods of high
electrical demand, the water is released back to
the lower reservoir to generate electricity
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Sizes of Hydroelectric Power Plants Facilities
range in size from large power plants that supply
many consumers with electricity to small and
micro plants that individuals operate for their
own energy needs or to sell power to utilities.
Large Hydropower capacity of more than 30
MW Small Hydropower capacity 100 kW 30
MW Micro Hydropower - capacity lt 100 kW .
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• Hydro Power Some Facts
• Big range in capacity and size
• power capacity 1 kWe to 12000 MWe
• hydraulic head lt 1 m to 1500 m (from low-head to
  
• high-head)
• largest earth dam height 300 m (Rogun,
  Tajikistan)
• largest reinforced concrete dam height 285m
• (Switzerland), will be in China
• reservoir volume gt106 m3 (Uganda)
• reservoir area 9,600 km2 (La Grande complex,
  
• Quebec)
• hydraulic head 1 m to 1500 m (S. Fiorano,
  Italy)

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Potential for hydropower development in selected
countries based on technical potential and
economic potential in todays energy markets
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Capacities of some large dams Grand
Coulee 1942 6500 MW
John Day 1969 2200 MW
Niagara (NY) 1961 2000
MW The Dalles 1957
1800 MW Chief Joseph 1956
1500 MW McNary 1954
1400 MW Hoover
1936 1345 MW
Glen Canyon 1964 950 MW
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Impact of Catalysis on Energy and Fuel
Production A Look into the Future Impact
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• A Few Remarks on Energy
• Energy is the only world
• currency
• Energy systems has a social
• impact
• Refinery Petrochemical
• technologies have battery
• limits
• Social awareness of the impact
• on environment and health

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Past, Present and Future.
Which possible futures? Scenario?????
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POWER GENERATION
Coal fuelled power plants Emission CO2, SO2,
NOx, particulates
SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NOX
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Transportation fuels

• - gasoline
• Diesel fuel
• jetfuel (kerosene fraction)
• synthetic gasoline (Fisher-Tropsch)
• synthetic Diesel (Fisher-Tropsch)
• biodiesel
• natural gas (NG)
• SNG (synthetic natural gas)
• LPG (liquified Petroleum Gas)
• (mixture of propane and butane)
• E85 (85 gasoline and 15 ethanol)
• (fuel-flexible vehicles)
• ethanol
• methanol
• hydrogen

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Fuel type MJ/l     BTU/US gal     Research octanenumber (RON)
Naphthalene 47.14 169,100 90
Diesel 40.9   147,000 25()
Gasoline 32.0   125,000 9198
Gasohol (10 ethanol 90gasoline) 28.06 120,900 93/94
LPG 22.16 95,475 115
Ethanol 19.59 84,400 129
Methanol 14.57 62,800 123
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Representation of various structures found in
gasoline
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Gasoline reforming is the important process of
altering the composition of gasoline to achieve a
higher octane rating. As shown above, gasoline is
a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, generally
falling in the range of C6-C10, and different
mixtures have different octane ratings. In order
for refineries to produce gasoline with a
consistent octane rating when the composition of
the crude may be highly variable, catalytic
reforming is one of the final step in gasoline
synthesis.
Upgrading by reforming may be accomplished, in
part, by an increase in volatility (reduction of
molecular size) or by the conversion of
n-paraffins to isoparaffins, olefins, and
aromatics, and of naphthenes (cycloalkanes) to
aromatics.
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