Planting Colonies in North America

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Planting Colonies in North America

• Out of Many
• Chapter 3

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Key Topics

• A comparison of the European colonies established
  in North America in the seventeenth century
• The English Algonquian colonial encounter in
  the Chesapeake
• The role of religious dissent in the planting of
  the New England colonies
• The restoration of the Stuart monarchy and the
  creation of new proprietary colonies
• Indian warfare and internal conflict at the end
  of the seventeenth century

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Spain and its competitors in north America

• How did conditions in New Spain and New France
  differ from Virginia and New England?

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Spain Its Competitors in North America

• At the beginning of the 17th century, Spain
  controlled the only colonial outposts on the
  mainland (Florida)
• Spain France
• did not transport large numbers of people to
  colonize but rather tried to convert Indians into
  subjects
• frontiers of inclusion
• England
• Settlers Indians lived in separate communities
• frontiers of exclusion
• Dutch
• Began in the same fashion as the Spanish, but
  later adopted the English model

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New Mexico

• Rumors of gold found along the Rio Grande
• Juan de Onate went on exploration for gold
• Was never any gold
• Without mines to exploit, Spain was losing
  interest
• Missionaries convinced Spain to make New Mexico a
  missionarycolony
• 1609, Santa Fe namedcapital
• Economy based onsmall-scaleagricultural
  sheepraising

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New France

• Control of Fur TradeSamuel de Champlain
• 1st post at Port Royal1608, founded
  thesettlement of Quebec
• Unlike Spanish who established towns, French were
  dispersed to exploit the fur trade
• Attempted to form alliances with Indian nations
  rather than force them into labor
• frequently married Indian women
• Though it was a geographically politically
  strong settlement, in the winter, the river froze
  they had a very short growing season
• Found themselves in the midst of the Beaver Wars
  against the Iroquois

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New Netherland

• Holland was ruled by the Spanish until 1581
• Amsterdam home of 1st stock market
• Largest commercial fishing fleets
• Dutch East India Company Dutch West India
  Company
• Built a series of trading posts around the world
• Combined military power economic strength
• became the greatest commercial power in the world
• First appeared in America in 1609, Henry Hudson
• Allied with the Iroquois Confederacy

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England in the Chesapeake

• How did tobacco change the nature of English
  colonization in Virginia?

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England in the Chesapeake

• Newfoundland Roanoke Island were Englands
  first attempts at planting colonies, and both
  were failures
• 1607, Jamestown
• King James I
• Virginia Company (royal charter)
• 1st permanent English settlement
• Believed that Indians were savageswith no rights
  that Christians had torespect
• have no particular propertie in anyparcell of
  that country, but only a generalresidence there,
  as wild beasts have in theforest.
• King Powhatan
• Though he knew it could be trouble, wanted to
  form an alliance with the Europeans
• Wanted access to metals weapons
• John Smith, military leader

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Pocahontas

• Powhatan had helped thecolonists with their food
  supply
• As more and more colonist came, he realized that
  they werent there to trade, but to take his
  country
• Stopped supplying food
• Many colonists starved that winter some
  resorted to cannibalism
• Small war broke out between the Indians
  colonists
• Captured Chief Powhatans daughter, Matoaka (aka
  Pocahontas)
• Finally a peace treaty signed
• Pocahontas married John Rolfe, travelled to
  England, but fell ill died before she returned
  to America

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Tobacco, Expansion, Warfare

• Tobacco
• First introduced by Francis Drake
• John Rolfe created a hybrid variety for first
  commercial shipments back to England
• Provided the first returns on the Virginia
  Companys investments
• Frontier of Exclusion
• Did not need Indians to marry or as workers
• Sent over both male females to live in the
  colonies
• Chief Opechancanough
• Prepared people for an assault on colonists
• Nearly 1/3 of Virginias population killed
• Attrition lasted nearly 10 years
• Royal Colony
• The Virginia Company went bankrupt due to the war
  with the Indians
• House of Burgesses legislature of colonial
  Virginia in charge of taxes finances
• 1640, approx. 10,000 in population / 1670, approx
  40,000 in population

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Maryland

• 1632, King Charles Igranted 10 millionacres of
  land to theCalvert family
• The Lords Baltimore
• Important Catholicsupporters of monarchy
• Became the only English colony with a substantial
  Catholic population
• Proprietary colony
• single owners dividing up the land into feudal
  manors
• A colony created when the English monarch granted
  a huge tract of land to an individual or group of
  individuals, who became lords proprietor
• Adopted the tobacco plantation economy

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Indentured Servants

• Individuals who contracted to serve a master for
  a period of four to seven years in return for
  payment of the servants passage to America
• Totaled ¾ of the English migrants to the
  Chesapeake
• Most were young, unskilled males some were
  skilled craftsmen, unmarried women, or parentless
  children, convicts, or vagabonds
• African slaves were more expensive than servants
• 2 out of every 5 servants died before their
  contracted service was up
• If survived, they received freedom dues
• Most tried to raise enough money to travel back
  home to England

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Chesapeake Community

• Though the colonies had spread, they had
  developed few community institutions
• Few woman high mortality rates led to smaller
  families
• Maintained close ties with England

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The New England Colonies

• What were the social and political values of
  Puritanism and how did religious dissent shape
  the history of the New England colonies?

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The New England Colonies

• Northern colonies were not hospitable to tobacco
  or other cash crops
• Became haves for Protestant dissenters from
  England
• Puritanism
• Followers of Calvin (predestination)
• Wanted to purify reform the English church
• Constantly in conflict with royal authorities
• Disruption in Trade
• John Smith explored the northern coast line
  dubbed it New England
• Although inhabited by French/Dutch, epidemics
  spread killed most of the Indian communities
  with which they traded

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Pilgrims Separatists

• Founded the first English colony in New England
  at Massachusetts Bay, renamed Plymouth
• They believed the English church to be so corrupt
  that they had to establish their own independent
  congregations
• Mayflower Compact firstdocument of
  self-governmentin North America
• Plymouth colony never afinancial success
• Had an initial winter ofstarvation, but with the
  help ofthe Indians, established acommunity of
  self-sufficientfarms

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Massachusetts Bay Company wealthy Puritans
• Renamed their settlement Salem
• Great Migration some 20,000 people relocated to
  Boston, Massachusetts
• Believed that social hierarchy was ordained by
  God necessary for well-ordered communities
• Established public schools grammar schools

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Indians Puritans

• Unlike the French Dutch, the English were
  interested in acquiring land for agriculture
• Thus, conflicts between them the Indians grew
• Took advantage of Indians who were already
  weakened by disease
• Used various pressure tactics to acquire land,
  including war

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Puritan Community

• Valued closely knit families communities
• Stressed male-dominated, well-ordered communities
• Governed locally by a governor elected
  representatives
• Boys were well-educated
• Expected religious uniformity

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Dissenters

• Roger Williams

• Anne Hutchison

• Came to New England in 1631
• Tasked to take up duties for the congregation in
  Salem
• Believed in religious tolerance
• Believed in separation of church state
• Stated colonists had no right to Indian land, but
  must bargain for it in good faith
• 1636, banished from the colony
• Left with followers founded the town of
  Providence (RI)

• Wife of a Puritan merchant
• Brilliant outspoken
• Held religious discussion groups in her home
• Criticized Boston ministers for a lack of piety
• Said earning your way to heaven was popish
• Was excommunicated and banished
• Moved to Roger Williams settlement

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Salem Witch Trials

• Massachusetts Bay colony had a cultural mistrust
  for women
• 342 New Englandwomen were accusedof witchcraft
• Unmarried, childless,widowed, assertive,
  orindependent
• Most were dismissed byauthorities
• 1692, small group of girls claimed to be
  bewitched by older women in the community
• The accusers the accused were from different
  sides of town, and typically of differing
  religious viewpoints
• In the end, 20 people were tried, condemned
  executed

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The proprietary Colonies

• What role did the crown play in the founding of
  English colonies after 1660?

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The Proprietary Colonies

• Early Carolina
• Most settlers were from Barbados
• Home to small farmers tobacco planters
• Netherlands to New York
• After 3 small naval wars between Britainand the
  Dutch, the English gained controlof the Dutch
  colony renamed itNew York
• Communities of the Delaware Valleysplit off into
  the proprietary colony ofNew Jersey
• Pennsylvania
• William Penn wanted a haven for the Society of
  Friends (Quakers) who supported religious
  toleration and pacifism
• King Charles settled a debt to Penns father by
  granting him this land
• holy experiment granted religious freedom,
  civil liberties, elected representation

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Conflict and War

• What led to violent conflict between Indians and
  colonists?

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Conflict War

• Pequot War
• 1637, conflict between English settlers and
  Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in
  eastern Connecticut
• 40 years of peace followed this war
• King Philips War
• Spring 1675
• Metacom was the leader of the Pokanokets (aka
  King Philip)
• Plymouth had gained sovereignty over Metacoms
  territory
• Knew it was time to break their alliance and
  start a confrontation
• New England used territorial gain/expansion as an
  excuse to invade and attacked/burned a number of
  villages
• 4,000 Algonquians 2,000 colonists died
• Had one of the highest casualty rates of any war
  in American history

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Bacons Rebellion

• Sir William Berkeley was the royal governor of
  Virginia
• Adopted policies favoring large planters and used
  dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf
• Antagonized backwoods farmers on VAs western
  frontier because he failed to protect their
  settlements from Indian attacks
• Nathaniel Bacon seized upon the grievances of the
  western farmers to lead a rebellion against
  Berkeleys govt
• Resented the economic political control of a
  few large planters
• Raised an army of volunteers conducted a series
  of raids against Indian villages on the Virginia
  frontier
• Berkeleys govt in Jamestown accused Bacon of
  rebelling against royal authority
• Bacon defeated governors forces burned
  Jamestown
• Soon afterward, Bacon died of dysentery the
  rebel army collapsed
• Berkeley brutally suppressed the remnants of the
  insurrection

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Lasting Problems

• Though short-lived, Bacons Rebellion (aka the
  Chesapeake Revolution) highlighted 2 long-lasting
  disputes in colonial VA
• Sharp class differences between wealthy planters
  landless or poor farmers
• Colonial resistance to royal control

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More Conflict

• James II attempted to re-exert the monarchys
  control over the colonies
• Traditions of local autonomy were suppressed
• Resentment fears of a Catholic monarchy led tot
  eh Glorious Revolution
• Led to the creation of a constitutional monarchy
• After revolts in Boston, NY, and elsewhere
  self-govt was restored throughout most of America

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King Williams War

• 1689, the war began
• Marked the beginnings of 75 years of Anglo-French
  conflict
• 1701, govts of most colonies reorganized to
  bring them under more direct royal control

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Conclusion

• The 17th century saw vast changes as hundreds of
  thousands of Europeans moved to North America.
• Different European nations carved out distinctive
  types of colonies.

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Questions to Think About

1. In what ways was he Spanish experience with the
   Pueblos like the experience of other European
   colonizers? In what ways was it different?
2. In what ways did the French and Spanish need the
   Indians? How were the French and Spanish
   experiences with Indians like or not like the
   English experience in this regard?
3. What were the goals of the founders of Virginia?
   How were these goals like or unlike the goals of
   the founders of Massachusetts Bay?
4. How did community and family life in the
   Chesapeake compare with that of Massachusetts?
5. What were the key factors leading to outbreaks of
   warfare with Indians?
6. What were the key factors leading to outbreaks of
   rebellion against established authority?