Chapter 26: The Cold War

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Chapter 26 The Cold War
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Clash of Interests

• Soviet Union
• Concerned about security
• Wanted Germany to be weak
• Suspicious of capitalistic nations
• America
• Wanted economic growth
• Promote democracy
• Free Enterprise system (private property and
  limited gov)

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Yalta Conference

• Plan for post-war world
• Plan for Poland
• Polish Dem. gov. vs. Polish communist government
• U.S. vs. U.S.S.R.
• Free leaders recognize Polish gov. set up by
  Russia with prior Polish leaders
• Declaration of Liberated Europe
• People will choose the form of government under
  which they will live

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Dividing Germany

• Germany divided into 4 zones
• G.B., U.S., France and Russia get a zone
• Berlin divided among the 4 countries

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Potsdam Conference

• Truman and Stalin meet at Potsdam to work out a
  deal on Germany
• Truman concerned about German industry
• Stalin wanted Germanys reparations
• Truman vs. Stalin
• Truman wants Stalin to take reparations from the
  Soviet Zone Stalin hates this!!!
• Truman gives Stalin industrial equipment
  threatens US has atom bomb
• TENSIONS ARISE!!!

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Containing Communism

• George Kennan
• Explains Soviet behavior
• Sends the long telegram 5,540 word message
• Soviets insecure with West no agreements with
  Americans
• Long Telegram secures idea of Containment

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Crisis In Iran

• During WWII
• American troops in Southern Iran
• Soviets in Northern Iran
• Issues over securing oil supply lines
• After WWII
• Soviets refuse to withdraw from Japan
• Stalin helps Iranians in North form a Communist
  government

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Truman Doctrine (1947)

• Soviets focusing on Turkey
• Dean Acheson (pres. Advisor) tells Truman Soviets
  need to see American force
• March 12, 1947 Truman Doctrine
• 400 million to fight communists in Greece and
  Turkey
• Goal was to aid free peoples resisting Communism
• Pledged the US to fight Communism worldwide

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Marshall Plan

• Postwar Europe in economic problems
• Marshall Plan would provide economic recovery
• Provided billions for supplies, machinery, and
  food into Western Europe
• PREVENTED COMMUNISM FROM SPREADING!!!

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Crisis in Berlin

• Western Europes prosperity depended on Germany
• Soviets trying to undermine Germanys economy
• Democratic countries join zones to allow Germans
  to have their own gov.
• West Germany Democratic
• East Germany Russia

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Berlin Air Lift

• Splitting Germany Soviets not getting
  reparations they wanted
• Soviets cut off all road and rail traffic to West
  Berlin (democratic zone)
• Soviets trying to get all of Berlin
• Truman orders Berlin Air Lift
• 11 months long
• Planes dropped 2 million tons of supplies
• Airlift symbolized American fight for a
  Democratic Germany

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NATO

• North Atlantic treaty Organization
• 12 countries involved
• Members would aid any country attacked by Russia
• Warsaw Pact
• Russian military alliance in eastern Europe

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Civil War in China

• Mao Zedong (communist) vs. Chiang Kai-shek
  (Nationalist)
• After WWII Civil War broke out again!!!
• To support Nationalist cause US sends 2
  billion to Chiang Kai-shek
• Poor military planning Mao wins!!!
• Peoples Republic of China established

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The Korean War

• American and Soviet forces remove Japanese from
  Korea
• Korea Divided at the 38th Parallel
• North Russia
• South U.S.
• Both countries fund the troops in their zone
• North Korean troops invade South Korea on June
  25, 1950

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The UN Intervenes

• Pres. Truman orders Air and Sea forces into South
  Korea
• Gets permission from the UN
• Truman orders MacArthur to fight in Korea
• U.S. forces are driven from 38th parallel to
  Pusan perimeter
• MacArthur invades North Korea (by surprise) at
  Inchon and maintains the 38th parallel

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China Enters War

• Chinese sees UN troops as a threat and launch an
  attack on the Americans
• Troops are driven back below 38th parallel
  (AGAIN!!!)
• MacArthur
• wants more troops (nationalist forces from China)
• called for the blockade of Chinese ports
• Use A-Bomb on Chinese cities
• Truman denies and fires MacArthur
• Maintains limited war!!!

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Ch. 26 Sect. 3

• New Red Scare
• Fear of Communists taking over World
• Igor Gouzenko defected US learns of Communist
  subversion
• Loyalty Review Prog.
• Federal workers screened for being Communist
• 6 million screened 2000 quit 212 fired for
  questionable loyalty
• HUAC (House UnAmerican Activities Committee)
• J. Edgar Hoover (FBI) makes HUAC important
• Infiltrated groups and wiretapped phones

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Alger Hiss

• Lawyer and diplomat
• Accused of being a Communist and a spy
• Secret gov. documents and microfilm (called
  pumpkin papers) revealed Hiss was a spy
• Jury convicts Hiss of perjury

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The Rosenbergs

• American commies selling A-Bomb secrets
• Klaus Fuchs sent info to Soviet Union
• Implements Julius and Ethel Rosenberg who were
  part of Communist party
• Gov. gave Rosenbergs DEATH PENALTY for espionage
• Executed June, 1953
• Project Verona cryptographers cracked
• Russian codes

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McCarran Act

• Internal security act
• Illegal to form anything leading to a
  totalitarian gov.
• Truman vetoed the act but congress passes it
• Never very effective

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McCarthyism

• Senator Joseph McCarthy claims he knew of
  American communists
• Never revealed Americans names!!!
• Claimed high ranking Gov officials were Red
• Investigation Witch Hunt
• McCarthyism damaging reputations with
  bogus charges!!!

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McCarthys Downfall

• McCarthy looked for spies in Army
• Army claims no spies McCarthy takes fight to TV
• Bullies officers
• Public support starts to fade
• Senate passes a vote of censure McCarthy fades
  away!!!

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Nuclear Bomb!!!

• America prepares for atomic war
• Duck and Cover
• Fallout shelters were built for safety.

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Ch. 26 Sect. 3

• Election of 1952
• Adlai Stevenson (gov Illinois)
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Eisenhower wins!!!
• Eisenhower
• D-Day general
• Military and Economy key to winning Cold War
• New Look in defenses
• Nuclear Weapons give More Bang for the Buck

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Sputnik Crisis

• Airforce unveils B-52 bombers
• ICBMs (inter-continental ballistic missiles)
• Soviets launch SPUTNIK first satellite!!!
• US feels they are falling behind!
• Congress creates
• NASA
• National Defense Education Act

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Brinkmanship

• Willingness to threaten nuclear war to maintain
  peace
• Korean War ends with an armistice (July, 1953)

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Taiwan Crisis

• China tries to control Taiwan
• Taiwan part of barrier against Communism in Asia
• Ike threatens Nuclear weapons
• China backs down

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Suez Crisis

• US helps Egypt build a dam on the Nile River
• Egypt bought weapons from Communists
• US leaves project Egypt seizes Suez Canal for
• Russia wins out Arab nations begin taking
• Communist Money

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Fighting Communism Covertly

• Eisenhower uses CIA to wage covert war
• 1958 IKE and Khrushchev meet at summit in Paris
• U-2 Spy plane and Francis Gary Powers Incident
  ruins summit