Music: An Appreciation 8th Edition by Roger Kamien

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Music An Appreciation8th Editionby Roger
Kamien

• Unit XI
• ?????

Presentation Development Robert
Elliott University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
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Nonwestern Music

• Reflects/expresses worlds diversity

• Each culture has its music practice

• Some have all 3folk, pop, classical

• These musics influence western music

• Especially true in the 20th Century

• French composer Claude Debussy

• British rocker George Harrison

• Jazz artist John Coltrane

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Chpt. 1 Music in Nonwestern Cultures

• Characteristics of Nonwestern Music

• It reflects its supporting culture

• Frequently linked with religion, dance and drama

• Often used to communicate messages relate
  traditions

Oral Tradition

• Frequently transmitted by oral tradition

• Music notation far less important than in western
  culture

• Many cultures do not have a music notation
• When they do, it serves as a record, not for
  teaching or performance

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Chpt. 1-Music in Nonwestern Cultures
Improvisation

• Improvisation is frequently basic to the music

• Improvisation usually based on traditional
  melodic phrases and rhythmic patterns

Voices

• Singing usually main way of making music

• Vocal approach, timbre, and techniques vary
  throughout the world

• Nasal sound
• Strained tone

• Throat singing
• Many others

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Chpt. 1-Music in Nonwestern Cultures
Instruments

• Four types based upon sound production

• Membranophonesstretched skin

• Primarily drums

• Chordophonesstretched string

• Harp-type

• Aerophonesperformers breath

• Flutes, trumpets, etc.

• Idiophonesinstruments body is sound generator

• Bells, gongs, scrapers, rattles, etc.

• Style and application within culture causes
  particular types of instruments to dominate

• Strings allow great flexibility of pitch

• Idiophones/membranophones rhythmic emphasis

• Aerophones aid in outdoor performance

• Geography materials availability influences

• Religion also influences instrumentation

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Chpt. 1-Music in Nonwestern Cultures
Melody, Rhythm, and Texture

• Most nonwestern musics are monophonic

• Sometimes accompanied by a drone

• Some cultures use heterophony

• All perform same melody with different
  ornamentation

• Scales in nonwestern music are frequently quite
  different than western musical scales

• Intervals between tones can be larger or smaller

• Much nonwestern music has very complex rhythms

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Chpt. 1-Music in Nonwestern Cultures
Interaction between Nonwestern and Western Music

• Nonwestern music has been greatly impacted by
  western influences due to

• Increased urbanization

• Spread of technology

• Almost worldwide access to recorded music

• Some governments subsidize traditional music to
  preserve cultural heritage

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Chpt. 2 Music in Sub-Saharan Africa

• Africa is divided into two parts above and below
  the Sahara desert

• Above Moslem, Arabic-speaking, music closely
  related to that of the Middle East

• Below Extremely diverse, many religions,
  cultures, and languages (over 700)

• Though Sub-Saharan music is diverse, there are
  some similarities

• Complex rhythms and polyrhythms
• Percussive sounds
• Wide variety of instrumental ensembles
• Vocal music usually a soloist responding chorus

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Chpt. 2-Music in Sub-Saharan Africa
Music in Society

• Music permeates African life from religion,
  entertainment, magic to rites of passage

• It is so interwoven into life that the abstract
  word music is not used by many peoples

• Closely associated with dancing in ceremonies,
  rituals, celebrations

• Dancers frequently play and sing while dancing

• Music is a social activityeveryone joins in

• No musical notationpassed by oral tradition

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Chpt. 2-Music in Sub-Saharan Africa
Elements of African Music

• Rhythm and Percussion

• Complex rhythms polyrhythms predominate

• Dancers choose to follow any of the various
  rhythms

• The body used as an instrument

• Clapping, stamping, slapping thigh/chest

Vocal Music

• Wide variety of sounds, even within a single piece

• Call and response extremely common

• Percussion ostinato frequently accompanies singers

• Short musical phrases repeated to different words

Texture

• Often homophonic or polyphonic

• This is unlike most nonwestern musics

• Same melody often sung at many pitch levels

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Chpt. 2-Music in Sub-Saharan Africa
African Instruments

• Idiophones

• Most common African instrument

• Most are of indefinite pitch

• Xylophones, a favorite, come in many sizes

• Talking drum w/ slit in side can produce 2-4
  tones

Membranophones

• Used in many ceremonial work-pace applications

• Drum manufacture often accompanied by special
  rites

• Drums usually played in groupsmultiple players

• Variety of shapes, sizes, and forms

Aerophones and Chordophones

• Flutes trumpets (of wood horn) most common

• Reed instruments less widespread

• Chordophones plucked or struck, gourd resonators

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Listening
Chpt. 2-Music in Sub-Saharan Africa

• Song from Angola
• Solo male voice, chorus, drums
• Listening Guide p. 583
• Brief Set, CD 458
• Note Call and response
• Short repeated rhythms
• Vocal timbre
• Complex percussion rhythms

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Chpt. 3 Classical Music of India

• Musical traditions date back over 3,000 years

• Two main types of classical music

• Hindustani secular, court music from Northern
  India (including now-Pakistan)

• Absorbed many Persian elements due to Muslim
  Persian rulers

• Karnatak temple music from South India

• Developed along its own lines

Performers

• Music viewed as a spiritual discipline

• Oral traditionstudy by apprenticeship

Improvisation

• Very important, sophisticated, developed

• Guided by melodic rhythmic formula

• Must study for years before allowed improv.

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Chpt. 3-Classical Music of India
Elements of Indian Classical Music

• Music is based upon the human voice

• Pitch range limited to about four octaves

• Highly embellished melody, both vocal and
  instrumental, is characteristic

• Melodies almost always accompanied by a drone
  instrument

Melodic Structure Raga

• Melody exists within a framework called a ragaa
  defined pattern of notes

Rhythmic Structure Tala

• Rhythm is organized into blocks or cycles, each
  called a tala

• Tala range from 3-100 beats in length

• 6-16 is most common

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Chpt. 3-Classical Music of India
Instruments

• Vocal music most important in India

• Many types of instruments

• Many instruments associated w/ specific gods

• Sitar most popular chordophone

• Long necked, lute (guitar) like instrument
• 7 plucked strings, 9-13 sympathetically vibrating

• Drums of many sizes

• Tabla and mridangam drums most common

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Listening
Chpt. 3-Classical Music of India

• Maru-Bihag
• by Ravi Shankar
• Listening Guide p. 588
• Brief Set, CD 360
• Note Raga and tala organization
• Heavy reliance on stringed instruments
• Extensive improvisation
• Nonwestern musical form

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Chpt 4 Koto Music of Japan

• The Koto
• Godan-Ginuta, by Mitsuzaki Kengyo
• Listening Guide p. 593