Trace Minerals and Phytochemicals Presentation

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Trace Minerals and Phytochemicals Presentation

• By
• Jennifer
• Lindsey
• Meagan
• Kahelia

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• Trace Minerals
• Iron
• Zinc
• Copper
• Cromium
• Selenium
• Iodine
• Phytochemical

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Iron(Fe)
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Iron Functions

• Assistance in the transport of oxygen throughout
  body to tissues and muscles
• Component of certain enzymes
• Examples
• Cytochromes
• Part of the antioxidant enzyme system that fights
  free radicals

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Hemoglobin

• Hemoglobin transports oxygen through the blood
  stream to tissues.
• Iron is a component of Hemoglobin
• Iron binds to the oxygen in our blood stream
• Iron releases the oxygen to the tissues

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Myoglobin

• Similar to Hemoglobin but is found in the muscle
  cells
• Iron is also a component of Myoglobin
• Iron binds to the oxygen and transports it into
  the muscle cells

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Cytochromes

• This enzyme assists in energy production within
  the body
• Cytochromes are an electron carrier within the
  metabolic pathways

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Food Sources for Iron

• Iron is not produced by the body so it must be
  consumed via food or supplementation
• Good sources of Iron in foods are
• Red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, leaf
  vegetables, tofu, chickpeas, black eyed peas,
  potatoes with skin

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Two Types of Iron Found in Foods

• Heme Iron
• This type of Iron is part of Hemoglobin and
  Myoglobin
• It is only found in animal based food products
• Non-heme Iron
• This type of Iron is not part of Hemoglobin and
  Myoglobin
• It is found in animal based foods and plant based
  foods

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Heme and Non-Heme Iron Cont.

• Heme Iron is more absorbable than non-heme Iron
• Heme Iron and Vitamin C increase the
  absorbability factor of non-heme foods

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Recommended Dietary Intake

• Men 19 years and older 8 mg/day
• Women 19 to 50 18 mg/day
• Women 51 years and older 8 mg/day
• Iron consumption needs are high from ages 19 to
  50 in women because of menstruation
• Pregnant Women 27 mg/day
• The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for 19 years and
  older is 45 mg/day for male and females

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Iron Overdose

• Symptoms
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, confusion
  and rapid heartbeat
• If Iron toxicity is not reduced quickly
  significant damage can occur to the heart,
  central nervous system, liver, and kidneys.
  Death could even be a result.

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Hereditary Disease

• Hemochromatosis
• The body absorbs excessive amounts of dietary
  iron
• Accumulation of iron results in cirrhosis of the
  liver, liver cancer, heart attack, diabetes and
  arthritis
• Men have a higher risk of the disease
• Treatment
• Reducing dietary intake of Iron, avoiding high
  intake of Vitamin C and withdrawing blood

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Iron Deficiency

• Anemia
• The blood does not contain enough Hemoglobin to
  transport oxygen to tissues in the body
• Symptoms
• Fatigue, pale skin, lowered immune system,
  impaired cognitive and nerve function and
  impaired memory

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Anemia Treatment

• Iron supplementation
• Increase intake of Vitamin C
• Consume goats milk instead of cows milk
• Certain foods inhibit absorption of Iron so these
  foods should be either avoided or consumed
  infrequently
• Examples vegetable proteins, calcium, tannins,
  legumes, rice, oregano, red wine

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Facts

• 2/3rds of all Iron in body is in Hemoglobin
• Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient
  deficiency in the world
• 20 of all women of child rearing age are anemic
• 2 of men have anemia
• 75 of teenagers have anemia

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Zinc(Zn)
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Zinc Functions

• Assists in the production of Hemoglobin
• Part of the antioxidant enzyme system that fights
  against free radicals
• Assists in generating energy from Carbohydrates,
  Fats and Proteins
• Assists in activating Vitamin A in the retina of
  the eye

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Zinc Functions Continued

• Also plays a role in facilitating the folding of
  proteins into biologically active molecules used
  in gene regulation
• Critical for cell replication and normal growth
• Important for proper development and functioning
  of the immune system
• Helps maintain sense of taste and smell
• Needed for DNA synthesis

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Food Sources for Iron

• Zinc is not produced by the body so it must be
  consumed via food or supplementation
• Good Sources of Zinc in food are
• Red meat, some seafood, beans, nuts, whole
  grains, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, whole
  grains

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Recommended Dietary Intake

• Men 19 and older 11 mg/day
• Women 19 and older 8 mg/day
• The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for 19 years and
  older is 40 mg/day for male and females

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Zinc Toxicity

• Does not occur from eating high amounts of
  dietary zinc
• Toxicity occurs from consuming supplements and
  fortified foods
• Symptoms
• Intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, loss
  of appetite, diarrhea, headache, lowered immune
  system, reduction in HDL and interferes with
  copper and iron absorption

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Zinc Deficiency

• Uncommon in the U.S.
• Common in countries that consume mostly grain
  based foods
• Symptoms
• Growth retardation, diarrhea, delayed sexual
  maturation and impotence, eye and skin lesions,
  hair loss, impaired appetite, increase in
  infections and illnesses and mental lethargy

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Zinc Deficiency Treatment

• Zinc Supplementation
• Consuming foods high in Zinc

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Zinc Facts

• 30 to 50 of alcoholics are deficient in Zinc
• You can purchase Zinc lozenges when sick which
  may reduce the length of a cold

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Copper(Cu)

• A trace mineral that functions as a cofactor in
  many physiological reactions

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Copper functions in the body

• Cofactor in the metabolic pathways
• Increases production of collagen and elasticity.
• Part of enzyme system that combats free radicals.
• Regulates neurotransmitters important to brain
  function

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Dietary needs

• Present in our bodies from conception, copper
  helps form a developing infants heart, skeletal
  and nervous systems, as well as arteries and
  blood vessels
• Easy to obtain in a varied of diet
• Deficiency is rare
• Low dietary intakes of copper absorb more copper
  than people with high dietary intakes

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Food Sources for Copper

• Beef liver
• Oysters
• Lobster
• Shitake mushrooms
• Trail Mix
• Pork and Beans
• Cashew nuts
• Garbanzo Beans
• Lentils

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RDA

• RDA for men and women
• 900 ug/day
• UL
• 10 mg/day

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Copper Deficiency

• Occurs most commonly in infants
• Someone with a disorder that impairs absorption
  of nutrients
• High intake of zinc or iron, can decrease
  absorption of copper

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• Symptoms
• Fatigue
• Bleeding under the skin
• Damage to blood vessels
• Enlarged heart

• Diagnosis
• Based on symptoms
• Blood tests that detect low levels
• -Copper
• -Ceruplasmin

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Treatment of Deficiency

• Copper works with potassium and calcium when
  patients do exhibit low copper levels, then
  calcium and potassium are frequently on the low
  side as well.  
• Taking a 3mg copper pill for one or two months,
  or less, is all that is needed for an adult to
  normalize any copper deficiency.

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Copper Excess

• Any copper not bound to a protein is toxic
• - Acidic food or beverages contaminated
• Consuming small amounts can cause
• -nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
• Consuming large amounts can cause
• -damage to the kidneys, inhibit urine
  production, cause anemia, and even death

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Wilsons disease

• An inherited condition
• Causes the body to retain copper
• Copper is not excreted by the liver into the bile
• If untreated, can lead to brain and liver damage
• Studies find that those with mental disorders
  have heightened levels of copper in their system

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Chromium(Cr)

• A mineral humans require in trace amounts

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Chromium Functions in the Body

• Enhance the action of insulin
• Metabolism of glucose
• Thyroid function
• Hormonal balance
• Brain function

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Dietary needs

• Chromium occurs naturally in the environment and
  is an essential nutrient
• Widely distributed in food,
• most food supplies only 2mcg per serving
• To enhance the minerals absorption
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B
• Once absorbed, it is stored in
• Liver
• soft tissue
• spleen

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Food Sources for Chromium

• Broccoli
• Turkey
• Grape Juice
• English Muffin
• Potatoes
• Garlic
• Red Wine
• Basil

• Dairy products are poor sources

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RDA

• Dietary intakes cannot be reliably determined
  because the content of the mineral in foods is
  substantially affected by agricultural and
  manufacturing processes
• Women
• 25 mcg per day
• Men
• 35 mcg per day
• 50 to 200 micrograms has been proposed by the
  National Academy of Sciences.

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Chromium Deficiency

• Causes
• Diets high in simple sugars
• Infection
• Acute exercise
• Pregnancy and lactation
• Stressful states (physical trauma)

• Results
• Inhibits the uptake of glucose by the cells
• Elevated blood lipid levels

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To avoid deficiency

• To Avoid Deficiency and Maintain a Good Intake of
  Chromium
• Avoid sugar and sugar products, soda pops, candy,
  and presweetened breakfast cereals.
• Avoid refined, white flour products, such as
  white breads and crackers.
• Use whole wheat products, wheat germ, and/or
  brewer's yeast.
• Eat whole foods.
• Take a general supplement that contains chromium,
  approximately 100-200mcg daily.

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What are supplemental sources of chromium used
for?

• Type 2 diabetes and glucose intolerance
• Lipid metabolism
• Body weight and composition

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Fun Facts

• Chromium Copper  These two elements are the
  most important nutrients next to calcium and
  magnesium for their anti-inflammatory properties.
   They are considered essential to human health.
• Chronically elevated copper levels in most
  patients may result from one-sided diets that
  lack co-factors, or from the fact that many
  copper-rich foods are somewhat addictive, such as
  cocoa/chocolate, coffee or tea
• Tissue concentrations of chromium vary
  considerably in people from different parts of
  the world, people living in Asia for example
  being up to five times higher compared to those
  in people living in the United States.  
• -These higher chromium levels may be one
  reason for a lower incidence of diabetes or bone
  loss in these regions or countries.

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Selenium
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Function in Our Bodies

• Trace element nutrient
• Functions as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes
  called glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin
  reductase
• Helps regulate thyroid function
• Essential to good health
• Helps protect body from poisonous effects of
  heavy metals
• Assists in making antioxidant enzymes, which
  prevent cell damage
• Shown to improve production of sperm

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Contd Functions

• Works with Vitamin E as an antioxidant to help
  prevent cancer and heart disease
• Helps maintain elasticity in tissue
• Protects against cataracts and macular
  degeneration
• Fights viral infections
• Helps in treatment and prevention of dandruff

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Is it Synthesized?

• No, our bodies do not produce selenium
• We must obtain selenium in our diets

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Food Sources

• Plant foods are the richest dietary source
• The content in foods depends on the content of
  the soil where the plants or animals were raised
• Animals that eat grains or plants grown in
  selenium rich soil will have more selenium in
  their muscles
• Can be found in meats, seafood, nuts, cereals,
  fish, eggs, bread, broccoli, dairy, fruit

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Contd Food Sources
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Daily Requirement

• Age Males and Females
• 1-3y 20 micrograms/day
• 4-8y 30 micrograms/day
• 9-13y 40 micrograms/day
• 14-18y 55 micrograms/day
• 19y 55 micrograms/day

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Deficiency

• The following have been associated with selenium
  deficiency
• Keshan Disease, resulting in an enlarged heart
  and poor heart functions
• Kashin-Beck Disease, resulting in
  osteoarthropathy
• Myxedematous Endemic Cretinism, which could
  posentially result in mental retardation

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Fun Facts

• Selenium was discovered by Jons Jacob Berzelius
  in 1817 in Stockholm, Sweeden
• Selenium is used in TV, cameras, and photographic
  equipment
• From the Greek work selene which means moon

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Iodine
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Functions in Our Bodies

• Protein allows body to stabilize sugars
• Needed for metabolism of cells
• Maintain thyroid function
• Production of thyroid hormones
• The hormones regulate body temperature, maintain
  resting metabolic rate and support production and
  growth

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Is it Synthesized?

• No, our bodies do not produce iodine
• Even though we only require small amounts, we
  must obtain it in our diet

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Food Sources

• Saltwater foods have higher amounts of iodine,
  such as kelp, saltwater fish, and shrimp
• Iodized salt, white and whole-wheat breads made
  with iodized salt, milk, and dairy products

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Daily Requirement

• Age
• 1-3y
• 4-6y
• 7-10y
• 11y

• Males and Females
• 70 micrograms/day
• 90 micrograms/day
• 120 micrograms/day
• 150 micrograms/day

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RDA Contd

• A ¼ Tsp. of iodized table salt provides
  95 micrograms of iodine
• A 6-ounce portion of ocean fish contains 650
  micrograms of iodine
• Most People are able to meet the RDA by eating
  seafood, iodized salt, and plants grown in
  iodine-rich soil

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Deficiency

• Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland.
  Slows down production of thyroid hormones, which
  leads to hypothyroidism. Some symptoms are
• -Decrease in body temperature
• -Increase in weight
• -Fatigue
• -If pregnant, child is at risk of being born
  with cretinism
• Cretinism, which is preventable mental
  retardation, will have stunted growth, deafness,
  and muteness

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Fun Facts

• Originates from the Greek word Iodes meaning
  violet
• There isnt enough salt in the world to cover the
  continents 500 feet deep!
• In the 1920s iodine was added to American table
  salt to help prevent hypothyroidism
• 75 of the iodine we consume is in processed
  foods

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Bibliography

• Thompson, Janice and Manore, Melinda
  Nutirition An Applied Approach San Francisco,
  CA Pearson Education Inc. 2006
• Iron Deficiency Anemia, Wikpedia,
  http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-Deficiency_Anemi
  a
• Iron, Wikpedia, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iro
  n
• Iron Deficiency Centers for Disease Control
  and Prevention August 26, 2006
  http//www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/nutritio
  n_for_everyone/iron_deficiency/
• Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet Iron Office of
  Dietary Supplements July 26, 2005
  http//ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/iron.asp

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Bibliography Continued

• Zinc, Wikpedia, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin
  c
• Zinc Office of Dietary Supplements December
  9, 2002 http//ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/cc/zinc.
  html

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Bibliography

• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper
• http//www.healthscout.com/ency/68/402/main.html
• Thompson, Janice and Manore, Melinda
  Nutirition An Applied Approach San Francisco,
  CA Pearson Education Inc. 2006
• http//www.copper.org/health/homepage.html
• http//www.diagnose-me.com/cond/C595519.html