Are you using your learning resources

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Are you using your learning resources????

• Dont forget your text companion site
• Visit the text website and in and go at it
• www.wiley.com/college/raven
• http//bcs.wiley.com/he-bcs/Books?actionchapterb
  csId2781itemId0471704385chapterId19111

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Environmental Laws, Economics, and Ethics
Chapter 2
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Environmental History of U.S.
1800
1700
1900
1600
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Environmental History of U.S.
1800
1900
1750
Some conservationists were influential in raising
environmental concerns later in this period.
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Environmental History of U.S.
1900
1950
1850
Several presidents, particularly Theodore
Roosevelt, used this Act to establish 43 million
acres of forest reserves.
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Hatch Velchy Valley In in Yosemite before it was
dammed by congressional approval in 1913 to
provide water for San Fransico
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John Muirs Sierra club lost the battle to
prevent the damming, but the National Park
Service was created in 1916 in response to public
concern
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Environmental History of U.S.
1900
1950
1850
Different worldviews
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Environmental History of U.S.
1950
2000
1900
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Environmental History of U.S.
1950
2000
1900
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Environmental History of U.S.
1950
2000
1900
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Environmental History of U.S.
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U.S. Environmental Legislation

• National Environmental Policy Act
• dictates ALL federally proposed actions draft an
  environmental impact statement.

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Addressing New Environmental Problems with
Government Policies
Problem identified
Regulations implemented / enforced by states
(usually)
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• environmental laws that have passed
• Clean Air Act (1970) (Amended in 1990)
• Clean Water Act (1972)
• Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972)
• Endangered Species Act (1973)
• Energy Policy and Conservation Act (1975)
• Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976)
• National Forest Management Act (1976)
• Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)
• Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act (1977)
• Medical Waste Tracking Act
• Food Quality Protection Act (1996)
• Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (2002)

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• What has been their effect since 1970?

• 8 National Parks, National Wilderness
  Preservation System

• Substantial soil erosion reduction

• Many endangered species fairing better

• Emissions of many pollutants reduced

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Economics and the Environment
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Economics and the Environment

• National Income Accounts
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
• Net Domestic Product (NDP)
• NDP GDP - depreciation / capital expenses

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Economics and the Environment

• National Income Accounts
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
• Net Domestic Product (NDP)
• NDP GDP - depreciation / capital expenses

External costs rarely considered
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Economics and the Environment

• Cost-benefit analyses can be used to determine
  the optimum amount of pollution
• Optimum amount of pollution the amount of
  pollution that is economically most desirable
• The economic optimum is where the marginal cot of
  pollution and the marginal cost of pollution
  abatement intersest

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Economics and the Environment

• Marginal cost of pollution the added cost for
  all present and future members of society for an
  additional unit of pollution

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Economics and the Environment

• Marginal cost of pollution abatement The added
  cost for all present and future members of
  society for reducing one unit of a given type of
  pollution

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Economics and the Environment

• Cost-Benefit Analysis shows tat the optimum is
  at the intersection

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Goldilocks and the Three Bears?

• If more pollution than the optimum is allowed
  the social cost is too high
• If less than the optimum amount of pollution is
  allowed, the pollution abatement cost is
  unacceptably high

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Economics and the Environment

• Too high Too Low

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Economics and the Environment

• Common problems with economic analyses
• Reduction in quality of life and natural beauty
  difficult to assess.
• Fails to consider unexpected catastrophic
  environmental damage.
• Is Goldilocks a Democrat, a Republican, a
  socialist, a citizen, a lobbyist or a politician?

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Economics and the Environment

• Economic strategies for pollution control

• Command and control regulations
• Pollution-control laws that work by setting
  limits on levels of pollutants

2) Incentive-based regulation Pollution control
laws that work by establishing emission targets
and providing industries with incentives to
reduce emissions
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Economics and the Environment

• Case-in-Point Environmental Problems in Central
  and Eastern Europe

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A cost-Benefit Websitehttp//www.envirovaluation.
org/index.php?cat87

• Environmental Valuation Cost-Benefit News
• Empirical Cost-Benefit and Environmental Value
  Estimates
• All News
• EVCBN
• NonEnv
• Links
• PolEc
• NYMetroRE
• EnvRE

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• Environmental Ethics
• What are your values concerning the stewardship
  of natural resources.
• Where would you place yourself along this
  spectrum of worldviews?