HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE

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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE

• Early Beginnings
• Primitive humans had tribal doctors who performed
  ceremonies to exorcise evil spirits.
• They used herbs and plants as medicines. Some of
  these same plants are used for medications today.

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MEDICINES STILL USED TODAY

• Digitalis-from the foxglove plant and is used to
  strengthen and slow the heartbeat.
• Quinine-from the bark of the cinchona tree used
  to control fever, relieve muscle spasms and
  prevent malaria.
• Belladonna and atropine-made from the poisonous
  nightshade plant and used to relieve muscle spasm
  especially in GI pain
• Morphine-from the opium poppy is used to relieve
  severe pain.

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MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES

• The Egyptians were the earliest people to keep
  accurate health records. They used medicines to
  heal disease and learned the art of splinting
  fractures
• The ancient Greeks were the first to study what
  caused diseases. They kept records on their
  observations.

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Hippocrates(469-377B.C.)

• During ancient times religious custom did not
  allow bodies to be dissected.
• Hippocrates, also known as the father of
  medicines, made observations of the external
  body. He kept notes on signs and symptoms of
  many diseases and was able to prove that disease
  was not caused by supernatural forces.
• He wrote the standard of ethics called the Oath
  of Hippocrates. Physicians still take this oath.

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The Greeks found that some diseases were caused
by lack of sanitation. The Romans learned from
the Greeks and developed a sanitation system.
They brought clean water into their cities by
aqueducts. They built sewers to carry off waste.
They also built public baths with filtering
systems. The Romans were the first to organize
medical care. They sent physicians along with
medical equipment along with their armies. Roman
doctors kept a room in their homes for ill
people. They began hospitals. Public buildings
to care for the sick were established and
physicians were paid by the Roman government.
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THE DARK AGES (A.D. 400-800) AND THE MIDDLE AGES
(A.D. 800-1400)

• The Roman empire was conquered by the Huns and
  the study of medical science was stopped. For
  over 1000 years medicine was practice in convents
  and monasteries. They believed life and death
  was in Gods hands.
• Millions of deaths occurred during this period.
  The Bubonic plague alone killed 60 million
  people. Other uncontrolled diseases affected
  millions including smallpox, diphtheria,
  syphilis, and tuberculosis.

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THE RENAISSANCE 9A.D. 1350-1650)

• Rebirth of learning-New scientific progress
  began. Many development during this period
• Universities and Medical school for research.
• Search for new ideas about disease
• Acceptance of dissection of the body.
• Development of printing press and publishing of
  books.

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THE SITEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES

• Leonardo da Vinci studied and recorded anatomy of
  body
• William Harvey used this knowledge to understand
  physiology. Able to describe the circulation of
  blood and pumping of heart.
• Gabriele Fallopius discovered fallopian tubes of
  female anatomy
• Bartolommeo Eustachio discovered the tube leading
  from ear to throat.
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope

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THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

• Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope.
• Joseph Priestley discovered the element oxygen.
• Benjamin Franklins discoveries include bifocals,
  and he found colds could be passed from person to
  person.
• Edward Jenner discovered vaccination for smallpox.

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THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES

• Ignaz Semmelweis-Identified the cause of childbed
  fever.
• Louis Pasteur-Discovered that tiny microorganisms
  were everywhere, and by heating milk the growth
  of bacteria was prevented.(Pasteurization)
• Joseph Lister-First doctor to use antiseptic
  during surgery

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19th and 20th Century cont.

• Earnst von Bergmann developed asepsis. He
  developed a method to keep an area germ-free
  before and during surgery.
• Robert Koch-father of microbiology. Introduced
  the importance of cleanliness and sanitation in
  preventing the spread of disease.
• Paul Ehrlich-Discovered medicines effective
  against some microorganisms. Found a treatment
  for syphyllis.

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19th and 20th century cont.

• Wilhelm Roentgen-discovered x-rays in 1895.
• Gerhard Domagk-discovered sulfonamide compounds.
  First medications effective in killing bacteria.
• Dmitiri Ivanovski-discovered viruses.
• Sigmund Freud-discovered the conscious and
  unconscious parts of the mind. His studies are
  the basis of psychology and psychiatry.

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19th and 20th centuries cont.

• Alexander Fleming-discovered penicillin
• Jonas Salk-discovered dead polio virus for
  immunity against poliomyelitis.
• Albert Sabin-used live polio virus vaccine, which
  is more effective and still used today.

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TODAY

• Possibility of eliminating disease through
  genetic research.
• Ability to transplant organs form a donor to a
  recipient.
• The ability to reattach severed body parts.
• The use of computers to aid in diagnosis,
  research, and accurate record keeping.
• The advancement in caring for unborn fetus.
• Noninvasive techniques

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ADVANCEMENT OF NURSING

• Florence Nightingale(1920-1910)-Raised standards
  of nursing to become respectable profession.
  Also improved hospitals.
• Clara Barton(1821-1912)-Established the American
  Red Cross.
• Lillian Wald(1867-1940)-Brought nursing care into
  homes. This led to the Visiting Nurse Service of
  New York.

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Florence Nightingale
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Clara Barton
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Lillian Wald
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MEDICAL ETHICS

• Definition-A set of principles of right conduct.
• Advancement in medicine creates new problems.
  How will the recipient of an organ be chosen?
  Who will be allowed to receive experimental
  drugs? Is it ethical to provide continuing
  confidentiality to AIDS patients or should they
  be required to report their condition?