History 107 Lecture 21

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History 107Lecture 21

• Expansion of Rome Punic Wars
• to Julius Caesar

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The Expansion of Rome

• By 265 B.C., Rome controlled ¾ of the Italian
  peninsula
  
• Those conquered were given Roman citizenship, not
  slavery
  
• Militaristic expansion continues with Carthage
  the major target
  
• Carthage empire, founded by Phoenicians (800
  B.C.), stretched from Egypt to Gibraltar
  
• Carthage was an oligarchy ruled by 30 merchant
  princes

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The Punic Wars

• The wars between Rome and Carthage were called
  the Punic Wars
  
• Punic comes from the Roman word for Phoenician
• The Punic Wars can be broken down into three
  distinct phases
  
• First War (264 - 241 B.C.) Rome takes Sicily
• Second War (218 - 202 B.C.) Hannibal invades
  Italy
  
• Third War (149 - 146 B.C.) Carthage destroyed

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First Punic War 264 B.C. to 241 B.C.

• Rome wins the island of Sicily from Carthage,
  after 23 years of bitter fighting
  
• The Roman victory gives Rome its first overseas
  province (Carthage to pay tribute)
  
• The aftermath Rome is on the rise, Carthage
  notes a new rival

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Second War (218 - 202 B.C.)

• Carthage continues to expand, moving into Spain
• Carthaginian general (Hannibal) begins a march
  from Spain through France, over the Alps, into
  Italy
  
• They look strong, so Romans retreat try to wear
  out Hannibal

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Second War (218 - 202 B.C.)

• Roman general Scipio Africanus eventually takes
  on Hannibal and wins
  
• Outcome of this war is ambiguous. Rome wins, but
  only after being invaded and running in fear from
  Hannibal (a kind of Robert E. Lee figure)
  
• Aftermath Romans really fear and hate Carthage

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Hannibal vs. Scipio Africanus The Second Punic
War (218 - 202 B.C.)
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Third Punic War (149 -146 B.C.)

• Rome continues to loath Carthage
• Cato the Censor ends each Senate speech with
  Cartago delenda est (Carthage must be destroyed)
  
• The Romans finally act and invade Carthage
• City of Carthage is destroyed (burned) and then
  turned in with salt
  
• Some 55,000 Carthaginians taken as Roman slaves
  
  
• Aftermath Rome inherits Carthages empire and
  becomes most powerful entity in the ancient
  world
  
• Rome receives territory, African grain, Spanish
  silverpower and empire, but little judgment

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Further Expansion Hellenistic World

• Greece Asia Minor fall to Rome 100 B.C.
• 150,000 slaves taken
• Romes empire is complete except for Egypt and
  parts of NW Africa
  
• Romes empire built upon the military and the
  might of military generals

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Civil War Period (49 - 44 B.C.)

• In 49 B.C., two famous generalsJulius Caesar
  (100-44 B.C.) and Pompey (106-48 B.C.)fought for
  power and authority
  
• In 52 B.C., the Senate elected Pompey as sole
  consul in Rome. Julius Caesar falls from favor
  
• In 49 B.C., to signal his readiness to fight
  Pompey, Julius Caesar famously crossed the
  Rubicon river and began his march to Rome
  
• Pompey took his army to Greece

Julius Caesar d. 44 B.C.
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Civil War Period (49 - 44 B.C.)

• Julius and Pompey fought each other at Pharsalus
  in Greece (48 B.C.) and Julius won. Pompey
  murdered by the supporters of Julius
  
• In 46 B.C., Julius became dictator for 10 years
  to smooth out the problems and restore order
  
• In 44 B.C., Julius Caesar declares himself
  dictator
  
• On March 15, 44 B.C. Julius is murdered by two
  republican advisors, Brutus and Cassius

Roman Road