Chapter 10: Agricultural and Rural Development

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Chapter 10 Agricultural and Rural Development
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Contribution of Agriculture

• Produce
• food to meet basic nutritional needs
• raw materials to help the industry
• cash crops for export
• Create employment and income for a large number
  of people

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Contribution of Agriculture

• Create demand for finished consumer and capital
  goods
• Employ a large percentage of the labor force
• Generate a large percentage of the GDP

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Performance of Agriculture

• Per Capita food production in 1970-94
• Remained stable in the Middle East (excluding
  Israel)

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Index of Per Capita Food Production
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Reasons for Poor Performance

• Insufficient of investment in rural areas
• Human capital (education, nutrition, health)
• Social capital (roads, homes, electricity,
  irrigation)
• Land water supply, fertilization, mechanization
• Technological advancement (high yield seed
  variety, better planting methods)

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Reasons for Poor Performance

• Unequal land distribution
• Large powerful landowners
• Small family farmers and peasants
• Sharecroppers, landless peasants, and farm workers

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Agricultural Dualism

• Commercial farming
• Very large landholdings
• Massive government subsidies
• Subsistence farming
• Small family farms
• Sharecropers
• Landless peasants

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Agricultural Dualism

• Problems
• Poverty
• Land and income disparity
• Rapid population growth
• Growing number of landless peasants
• Lack of government programs, helping small
  farmers
• Massive R-U migration

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Role of Women

• Daily tasks
• Home-making, child rearing
• Food processing for consumption and storage
• Farming weeding, harvesting, raising livestock

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Role of Women

• Cash crop labor
• Generate income through cottage industry
• 60-80 of farm labor in Asia
• Subject to gender discrimination in education and
  employment

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Rural Development Strategies

• Technological change and innovation
• Modern irrigation structure
• Modern mechanical and chemical inputs
• High seed varieties
• Modern farming techniques
• Appropriate technology labor-intensive

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Rural Development

• Institutional and Pricing Policies
• Parity pricing equalization of unit farm and
  nonfarm prices
• Distribution systems and farmers cooperatives

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Pattern of Land Ownership in ME NA

• Private land owned by landlords and peasants
• Public land owned by the government
• Land under religious trust

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Rural Development Strategies

• Land Reform
• Distribute fertile land between small farmers and
  landless peasants
• Compensate owners for loss of land
• Provide supportive services to help increase
  production
• Establish rural industries and jobs to curb R-U
  migration