Chapter 14: The Latin West 1200-1500

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Chapter 14 The Latin West1200-1500

• Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

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Rural Life New Farming Technologies

• 1200 AD most were peasants bound to the land
• Population doubled
• agricultural techniques
• climate change
• windmills
• waterwheels
• deforestation

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Famines and Black Death

• Around 1250 crop yields decreased-possibly
  because of population pressure
• decrease in human resistance to disease by 1348
• Bubonic Plague-Black Death-overwhelmed Europe in
  1348
• social , political, economic, etc. impact

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Impact of the Plague on Europe?

• Europeans had little resistance End of the Middle
  Ages
• Ravaged Europe for two years and returned
  periodically devastating the population

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Impact of the Plague

• Fewer workers so labor more valuable
• Peasants demanded higher wages
• Oversupply of goods became less expensive
• Serfdom ended as demand for labor rose

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Impact of the Plague

• Living standards improved
• less time to learn a craft
• Nobles died
• less opposition to king
• Religion and learning flourish
• Technology advanced
• mining
• metallurgy
• Water mills

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Impact of Black Death Social Rebellion

• rebellions against wealthy nobles and churchmen
  who tried to freeze wages
• Large gap between rich and poor
• Population declined but per capita production
  rose

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Growth of Trade

• Great Urban revival, fueled by the end of the
  Crusades workers leaving manors
• Italian cities in north become rich powerful
  through trade Genoa, Venice, Milan
• Hanseatic League- group of cities in Northern
  Europe united for trade influence and prices

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Urban Revival

• Flanders
• commercial center for wool imports cloth
  manufacturing
• England, Florence, and Italy
• textiles
• Trade fairs evolve into cities
• Trade increased under Mongol expansion

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Urban Revival

• Venice dominates trade
• Some European cities were city-states and were
  independent from nobles and kings
• traded more freely than Asian or Middle Eastern
  cities
• Bringing cities under the control of King
  sometimes required force-(Paris)
• Guilds- craft specialists who regulated craft
  rules and prices to protect their interests

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Urban Revival
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Rise of Merchant Banking Class

• big business required loans, money changing,
  investments
• Florence
• banking services
• checking accounts
• Shareholding
• bookkeeping

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European Renaissance

• Large banking families appear
• Medici family of Florence operated banks in
  Italy, Flanders, London
• handled affairs for nobles, kings, the Church
• Church prohibited usury
• Usury
• loaning money at high interest rates

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European Jews

• Jews able to escape poverty by becoming
  moneylenders
• Christians worked around the rules to make money
  directly
• Europes largest population of Jews lived in
  Spain Persecution existed in most of Europe
  except in the papal city of Rome

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European Renaissance

• Wealthy families were able to fund art
  architecture

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Universities

• Prior to 1200, monasteries were primary centers
  or learning
• After 1200, colleges and universities were
  created and supported by the Church
• taught medicine, law, theology
• Theology-the study of the nature of God and
  religious truth

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Scholasticism

• Theology was the primary subject and it brought
  together Greek philosophy, notably Aristotle, and
  Christian faith
• mixing of these was called Scholasticism
• Most notable written work was the Summa
  Theologica, by Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican priest

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Kings Consolidate Power

• Kings sought to become stronger and centralize
  power
• Kings were weak
• Little or no treasury funds
• Powerful nobles
• Independent towns and cities
• Powerful Church

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England

• 1215 AD, King John I of England is forced to sign
  the Magna Carta
• Trial by jury of peers
• nobles could petition the king
• became Parliament
• No taxation without consent of nobles
• exception to the pattern of strong monarchs

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France

• In France, Philip the Fair arrests the Pope and
  installs his own pope at Avignon
• In general, Kings sought to increase power by
• Marrying into noble families
• Taxing peasants
• Appointing their own bishops and clergy (lay
  investiture)

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European Renaissance

• Kings fought each other to gain more power
  through land
• France and England fought each other-Hundred
  Years War 1337-1453
• Although England lost, both monarchies emerged
  stronger
• Joan of Arc helped France
• New weapons-longbow

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New Monarchies in France England

• Stronger central governments
• National boundaries
• New tax system
• Strong connections to middle class and merchant
  class instead of nobles and church

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European Renaissance

• Strong governments on the Iberian Peninsula too
• Spain and Portugal emerge as nations after
  forcing the Muslims out of Iberia after 700 years
  
• The Reconquista
• In 1492, Spain and Portugal also expelled all
  Jews who would not convert to Christianity

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European Renaissance

• By the 1300s a new emphasis on learning began
  that expanded upon the learning of universities
  and scholasticism
• A new emphasis on understanding humans as well as
  God became the idea of Humanism
• Humanism is the study of man and his world. Today
  it is known as humanities, such as sociology,
  psychology, anthropology, literature (the
  classics), religion.

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European Renaissance

• Early Humanist writers referred to works long
  kept secured by monasteries during the Dark Ages
• Dante Alighieri-Italy-1265-1321-wrote the Divine
  Comedy journey through 9 layers of Hell and the
  entrance to Paradise using Greco-Roman classical
  themes, imagery.
• Made accessible through his use of the vernacular
  form of Tuscany

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European Renaissance

• Geoffrey Chaucer-England-1340-1400 Wrote the
  Canterbury Tales everyday life in medieval
  England, in vernacular.
• Other Humanists writers
• Machiavelli wrote The Prince a political
  handbook for political leaders. Premise the ends
  justifies the means
• Thomas More Utopia perfect society of the
  future
• Erasmus Dutch writer of religious reform wrote
  In Praise of Folly

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European Renaissance

• Petrarch Italian poet of love poetry
• Castiglione wrote The Courtier how to succeed
  at the royal court
• Boccaccio wrote The Decameron collection of
  short stories about Italian nobles. Produced a
  version of the New Testament in Greek
• Humanists sought a return to original Greek and
  Roman texts. Pope Nicholas creates the Vatican
  library by buying authentic Greek and Roman
  translations of classic texts.
• Emphasis on authenticity

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European Renaissance

• William Shakespeare English playwright
• Christopher Marlowe English playwright

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European Renaissance

• Humanism helps create a new era after Middle Ages
  called the Renaissance
• Renaissance Rebirth of learning culture
• Return to classical roots and sources of
  literature and art
• Universities developed in Bologne and Paris which
  incorporated the works of Aristotle which were
  saved by Muslims
• Monarchs, church and merchants all wanted this
  rebirth of learning

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European Renaissance

• Why did Europe grow in power wealth?
• Education

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European Renaissance

• Botticelli
• Michelangelo Buonarroti
• Leonardo Da Vinci
• Raphael
• Titian
• Giotto
• Jan Van Eyck

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European Renaissance

• Favorite themes of artists and patrons during the
  Renaissance were religious
• Combined with authenticity of Humanism, religious
  subjects were presented in a more realistic style.

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European Renaissance
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European Renaissance
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European Renaissance

• All presented a sense of realism and naturalism
  to create what modern society would call
  photographic perfect
• Ideas were transmitted quickly throughout Europe
  by means of the printing press of Johan
  Gutenberg-it used moveable type
• Craft guilds in various cities competed in
  quality and innovation created competitions
  though they discouraged

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European Renaissance

• The Renaissance had an economic base as cities
  expanded and developed architectural pride
• Craft guilds in various cities competed in
  quality and innovation but stifled competition
  within their own cities
• Rural areas offered different opportunities but
  could not compete with the economic and social
  attractions of the city