FORCED LABOR AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING

1
FORCED LABOR AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING
2

• In this topic, we are discussing issues of
• Forced labor
• Modern day slavery
• Human trafficking
• Child soldiers

3

• One estimate is that there are 27 million slaves
  in the world today.
• Based on that number, and numbers from the forced
  sex trade business, it is estimated that slaves
  generate profits of 13 billion.
• The CIA estimated that 50,000 forced slaves were
  coming into the United States each year.

4
BASIC FORMS

• Chattel slavery
• Debt bondage
• Contract slavery ( or forced labor)
• Sex slavery

5
Human Trafficking

• The movement of people to places for the purposes
  of forced labor.
• Human trafficking is a form of modern day slavery
  in which people, mostly women and girls, are
  abducted, deceived or coerced into situations of
  forced labor.
• Human trafficking includes buying, selling and
  moving people from one location to another
  against their will, and it constitutes a grave
  violation of human rights.
• Trafficking occurs in unregulated and unprotected
  labor sectors including agricultural and
  industrial production, domestic service and sex
  work.

6
Human Trafficking

• Human trafficking is an international problem
  involving almost every country in the world as a
  source, transit or destination country. In
  addition, many people are trafficked within their
  own country.
• The root causes of trafficking include poverty,
  violence and political conflict.

7

• 1. The U.N. estimates that one to four million
  people are trafficked worldwide each year. 2.
  Human trafficking is the third most lucrative
  criminal activity in the world after illegal
  drugs and black-market guns, generating
  9.5 billion in annual revenue.
• 3. In 2005, the International Labor Organization
  estimated that there were 9.5 million victims of
  forced labor in Asia alone.4. Women constitute
  70 percent of the world's 1.3 billion absolute
  poor, those living on less than 1/day.

8

• The United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress
  and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially
  Women and Children (one of three "Palermo
  Protocols"), defines trafficking in persons as
• The recruitment, transportation, transfer,
  harboring or receipt of persons, by means of
  threat or use of force or other forms of
  coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception,
  of the abuse of power or of a position of
  vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
  payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a
  person having control over another person, for
  the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall
  include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the
  prostitution of others or other forms of sexual
  exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery
  or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the
  removal of organs.

9

• Many nations misunderstand this definition,
  overlooking internal trafficking or forms of
  labor trafficking in their national legislation,
  and often failing to distinguish trafficking from
  illegal migration.

10
HUMAN TRAFFICKING IS THE PERFECT CRIME

• Chances of being caught are slim
• Small penalties
• Huge profits
• People are a commodity that can be used reused,
  sold bartered.

11
PROSTITUTION AND SEX TRAFFICKING

• Prostitution and related activities, including
  pimping and patronizing or maintaining brothels,
  fuel the growth of modern-day slavery by
  providing a façade behind which traffickers for
  sexual exploitation operate.
• Where prostitution is legalized or tolerated,
  there is a greater demand for human trafficking
  victims and nearly always an increase in the
  number of women and children trafficked into
  commercial sex slavery.

12

• Of the estimated 600,000 to 800,000 people
  trafficked across international borders annually,
  80 percent of victims are female, and up to 50
  percent are children. Hundreds of thousands of
  these women and children are used in prostitution
  each year.
• A 2003 study in the scientific Journal of
  Trauma Practice found that 89 percent of women in
  prostitution want to escape prostitution.
  Children are also trapped in prostitution despite
  the fact that a number of international covenants
  and protocols impose upon state parties an
  obligation to criminalize the commercial sexual
  exploitation of children.

13

• Field research in nine countries concluded that
  60 to 75 percent of women in prostitution were
  raped, 70 to 95 percent were physically
  assaulted, and 68 percent met the criteria for
  posttraumatic stress disorder in the same range
  as treatment-seeking combat veterans and victims
  of state-organized torture.

14
International Laws and Conventions

• The 1949 United Nations Convention for the
  Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the
  Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others
• The 2000 United Nations Convention Against
  Transnational Organized Crime
• The 2000 United Nations Protocol to Prevent,
  Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons,
  Especially Women and Children
• The United Nations Principles and Guidelines on
  Human Rights and Human Trafficking of May 2002

15
Laws in the United States

• U.S. Constitution, Amendment XIII
• Civil RICO, 18 U.S.C 1960-1964
• The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA)
  2000
• The Trafficking Victims Protection
  Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) 2003,
• In December 2005, the Trafficking Victims
  Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) 2005