Chapter 10 aggression

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11 16 06

• Chapter 10 aggression
• 1. _____________ effect
• 2. Media violence
• 3. ____________ hypothesis
• 4. Neurochemical influences on aggression

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Aggressive CuesAnderson, Benjamin, Bartholow
(1996)

• Berkowitz LePage (1967)
• DV _________________
• IV Presence or Absence of Cues
• Condition 1 badminton rackets
• Condition 2 _________
• Results
• More aggressive if __________________
• __________________
• Why?

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Conception to Action

• ___________ (e.g., smile)
• ___________ (e.g., smile)
• ___________ (e.g., smile)

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Conception to Action

• Perception (____________)
• Conception (____________)
• Action (____________)

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Anderson, Benjamin, Bartholow (1996)

• If weapons priming effect due to primed hostile
  thoughts
• Then __________ cues
• Should prime __________________

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Aggressive CuesAnderson, Benjamin, Bartholow
(1996)

• Anderson et al (1996)
• Show that mere presence of gun cues
• Activates _____________________
• Need Cues/Primes
• Dagger, Shotgun, Bullet
• Vs.
• Rabbit, Dog, Bird
• Briefly presented or ___________ before word
  recognition task

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Aggressive CuesAnderson, Benjamin, Bartholow
(1996)

• Need Aggression-Related ____________
• Non-Aggressive absorb, consider, observe
• Vs.
• _____________ assault, destroy, murder
• Design
• Type of Prime Weapon vs. Animal
• Type of Target Aggressive vs. Non
• 2 (Prime) x 2 (Target)

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Aggressive CuesAnderson, Benjamin, Bartholow
(1996)

• Findings
• Targets
• Primes Non Aggress Diff
• Animal ______________________
• Weapon ______________________
• Diff -2 8
• Shows that weapons activate hostile
  thoughts/targets
• Plausible that ____________ is due to
  accessible ____________

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Anderson et al. (1996)

• Other __________________ to aggression
• Watching violent media
• Playing violent video games
• Listening to violent song lyrics
• Reading aggression articles
• (if so, my lab is in trouble!)
• (particularly for me death metal aggression
  articles)
• Lets focus on TV violence

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Media ViolenceBushman Anderson (2001)

• Lots of Media
• ______ have TVs
• Average American _____ Hours/Week of TV!
• At 10 a.m. on Saturday, _____ of Children
  watching TV!
• (editorial throw the TV away!!)

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Media ViolenceBushman Anderson (2001)

• Media is Violent
• _______ of TV shows have Violence
• 80,000 murders 100,000 other violent acts by end
  of elementary
• ______ of video games are violent

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Media ViolenceBushman Anderson (2001)

• Violence is Rising
• Violent crime rate
• 1965 _____ per 100,000
• 1995 _____ per 100,000
• _____ increase

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Media ViolenceBushman Anderson (2001)

• Does TV Crime Reflect Real Life?
• Real Life ____ crimes non-violent
• Reel Life 13
• Real Life ____ crimes murders
• Reel Life 50
• Each Night ____ of 350 Characters Die
• We would all be dead in a year at this rate!

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Media ViolenceBushman Anderson (2001)

• Media Violence Creates Aggression
• 1,000 Studies, both correlational experimental
• Effect _________________ similar to
• ____________
• Passive Smoke Lung Cancer
• ____________
• Homework Academic Achievement

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Media ViolenceBushman Anderson (2001)

• Parallels to ______________________
• Not the only Factor
• First Exposure is ____________
• Short-term relatively ____________
• Long-term severe __________
• However, media has vested interests and has
  down-played this media/violence relation

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Media ViolenceBushman Anderson (2001)

• Media Coverage
• A _______ Effect
• Size Getting Smaller
• R -.68 between year media conclusion
• Scientific Evidence
• A _______ Effect
• Size Getting ___________

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Media ViolenceBushman Anderson (2001)

• Why Discrepancy Between Media Science?
• __________________ of Media
• Producers of violent media defend it, even in
  court if need be
• __________________
• However, when media kills people, shouldnt
  something be done?
• Failure of Research Community to ____________
• We are mostly ivory tower introverts
• Difficult for us to popularize our case for
  social change

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Media Violence Childrens TV

• Children watch lots of cartoons
• These are surely __________, right?
• Surprisingly, cartoons are often
  _______________________________

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Three kinds of research support a link between
media violence and aggression
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• Three kinds of research support a link between
  media violence and aggression
• The Bobo Doll studies (note to MR discuss
  basic results)

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• Three kinds of research support a link between
  media violence and aggression
• The Bobo Doll studies
• Laboratory studies

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Liebert and Baron (1972) found that exposure to a
violent TV show increased subsequent aggression,
especially among boys.
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• Three kinds of research support a link between
  media violence and aggression
• The Bobo Doll studies
• Laboratory studies
• Field studies

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The most convincing work comes from field studies
examining the long-term effects of media
exposure. Lefkowitz, Eron, Walder, Huesmann
(1972) (for boys) 3rd Grade 12th Grade TV
Violence TV Violence Aggression Aggressi
on
.05
.21
-.05
.01
.31
.38
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Aggression is stable . . .
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Frequent TV viewing is related to later
aggression, especially for boys . . .
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Preference for violent TV is related to adult
criminal behavior . . .
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Aggression

• ______________ hypothesis
• Aggression can be _______________
• By discharging anger in non-violent ways
• ____________ believed this
• Need an outlet
• Without it, pressure builds up
• And person will explode
• Ann Landers (advice columnist)
• youngsters should be taught to vent their anger

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• The catharsis hypothesis
• Cathartic ___________________
• Yelling at each other
• Hitting each other with foam bats
• Screaming at top of lungs for half an hour
• Sounds kind of fun!

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• The catharsis hypothesis
• Catharsis and _________________
• Contradictory wisdom
• 2 to 1 agreement that sexual materials provide
  an outlet for bottled-up impulses
• But
• Agreement that sexual materials lead people to
  commit rapes

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• The catharsis hypothesis
• Catharsis and pornography
• Where more _________________
• _____________________
• Count 1 against catharsis

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• The catharsis hypothesis
• Catharsis and __________
• Spectators of _____________________
• More violent after, rather than before, watching
  these contact sports
• Count 2 against catharsis

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• The catharsis hypothesis
• Catharsis and aggression
• Bushman (1999, 2000)
• Cathartic opportunity
• Then opportunity to be aggressive
• Cathartic condition was ________________
• Even true of those who ___________________________
  ________
• Count 3 against catharsis

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• The catharsis hypothesis
• __________
• Tavris It is time to put a bullet, once and for
  all, through the heart of the catharsis
  hypothesis. The belief that observing violence
  (or ventilating it) gets rid of hostilities has
  virtually never been supported by research

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Aggression

• Why is the cathartic hypothesis wrong?
• (1) _________________
• Anger expressed
• Causes other to be more aggressive
• Causes self to be more aggressive
• (2) _____________ theory
• We learn our attitudes by behavior
• In verbally abusing person
• We make inference gosh, I really ______________
• will lead to more aggression in future

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Aggression

• How do we deal with anger?
• Gaylin
• Anger is an _________________
• Was adaptive in past
• ____________
• With ______________
• And less competition in physical realms
• Konrad Lorenz humans lack natural constraints on
  aggression

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Aggression

• How do we deal with anger?
• Tavris
• ____________
• standing up for rights good
• Aggression
• Responding when you are upset bad
• What can you do with anger?
• ____________, then decide whether to send it when
  anger decreases
• ____________
• Anger will dissipate and you can see the best
  action for resolution

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Aggression

• How do we deal with anger?
• Baron
• Work on substituting an incompatible emotion for
  anger
• Empathy _____________________________
• Driving study
• Person crosses on red
• ______ of drivers honk angrily
• ______________________
• Few honk
• Empathy for person on crutches reduces anger at
  having to wait on green

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Aggression

• How do we deal with anger?
• Baron
• _________ even more effective than empathy
• Study
• Confederate insults subject
• Then subject views _____________________________
• Finally, given opportunity to shock confederate
• Less __________________________

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Aggression

• How do we deal with anger?
• Baron
• Could humor be involved in marital therapy
• Therapy
• Hit each other with foam bats
• Thought to _______________
• Might it instead work because of _______?
• It is funny to hit others with foam bats

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Biological contributions to aggression
• (1) neural brain areas
• ______________
• Stimulating it in rats sometimes leads to
  aggression
• Womens amygdala stimulated she is aggressive
• ___________________
• Violent men
• 15 less brain matter in _________________
• Recall that frontal area involved in inhibition
• Frontal lesions ______________________

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Biological contributions
• (2) genetic influences
• You can ___________________
• Aggressive rats paired
• After 26 generations, marked differences
• ___________ bred for aggression over the years
• __________________
• Uninhibited, fearless infants
• More likely to be aggressive later on
• ________________
• If one twin is aggressive, the other more likely
  to be aggressive
• If twin is a convicted criminal, 50 likelihood
  for self as well

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Aggression

• (3) biochemical alcohol
• Alcohol

________________
0 1 2
3
__________________________
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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Biological contributions
• (3) biochemical influences
• Drugs like alcohol involved in many crimes
• Controlled study alcohol increases aggression
• Approximately ______ of rapes, spousal battery,
  violent crimes associated with _____________

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Biological contributions
• (3) biochemical influences alcohol
• 1. Reduces ______________________
• Deindividuation
• Recall that a reduction in self-awareness leads
  to behaviors that are inconsistent with
  self-concept
• 2. Reduces considerations of _____________________
  __
• Less likely to think about guilt, hurt, etc.,
  following acts of aggression

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Biological contributions
• (3) biochemical influences testosterone
• _______________
• _______________ times higher in men
• Men also commit more violence
• Individual differences
• Those with higher testosterone
• More _____________________________
• Less _____________________________

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Biological contributions
• (3) biochemical influences testosterone
• Individual differences
• Higher testosterone
• Correlates with more ____________________
• testosterone is a small molecule with large
  effects - Dabbs
• Age differences
• Testosterone ___________________
• Violent crime also __________________

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Chapter 10 Aggression

• Biological contributions
• (3) biochemical influences ________________
• In short supply in depressed and aggressive
  individuals
• Serotonin appears to be involved in
• Stabilizing
• Inhibiting
• With lack of _______________
• More erratic behavior
• More mood swings
• And thus, thus, serotonin also important!