Plant Diversity II

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Plant Diversity II

• Seed Plants Chapter 30

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Seed Plants chapter 30Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms

• Gymnosperms naked seed plants most ancient
  of seed plants produce cones with seeds inside
• Ex. Gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, conifers
• Angiosperms covered seed plants (these produce
  flowers.then fruits that have the seeds inside
  fruits provide seed protection and better
  guarantees seed dispersal when eaten by animals)
• Ex. Roses, apple trees, squash, azaeleas,
  grasses

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Figure 30.1 Three variations on
gametophyte/sporophyte relationships
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The Structure of a Seed
Section 22-4
B
Seed embryo of plant that is wrapped in a
protective covering and surrounded by a food
supply.
A
Go to Section
Presence of a seed allows for reproduction
free of water.
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Figure 30.2 From ovule to seed
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Figure 30.3 Winged seed of a White Pine (Pinus
strobus)
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Figure 30.16 Fruit adaptations that enhance seed
dispersal Red berries (left), dandelion (right)
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Figure 30.4 Hypothetical phylogeny of the seed
plants
See pages 602-605
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Figure 30.5a Phylum Ginkgophyta Ginkgo biloba
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Figure 30.5c Phylum Ginkgophyta Ginkgo biloba
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Figure 30.6 Phylum Cycadophyta cycads
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Figure 30.7a Phylum Gnetophyta Welwitschia
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Figure 30.7b Phylum Gnetophyta Gnetum
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Figure 30.7c Phylum Gnetophyta Ephedra
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Figure 30.8a Phylum Coniferophyta Douglas fir
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Female vs. male pine cones

• Female pine cones are the large, normal cones
  ovulate cone
• Male pine cones are the clusters of small,
  worm-like structures at the tips of the branches
  pollen cone

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Figure 30.8x2 Frasier fir
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Figure 30.10 A closer look at pine cones (Pinus
sp.)
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Figure 30.9 The life cycle of a pine (Layer 3)
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Phylum Anthophyta

• Monocot and dicot were used until the late 1990s
• See page 606 for new data

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Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots
Section 22-5
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots
Go to Section
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Stem types
Herbaceous
Woody
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Concept Map
Section 22-5
Plants
are categorized as
that completetheir life cycle in
that completetheir life cycle in
that completetheir life cycle in
Go to Section
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Figure 30.11 Representatives of major angiosperm
clades
Angiosperms
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Figure 35.2 Morphology of a flowering plant an
overview
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Figure 30.13a The structure of a flower
Female parts
Male parts
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Figure 38.3ax1 Lily
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Fruits

• Help disperse seeds
• Fruit is a mature ovary
• Fruit begins to develop after pollination
  triggers hormonal changes that cause ovary to
  growwalls of ovary become the pericarp

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Figure 30.15 Relationship between a pea flower
and a fruit (pea pod)
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Fruit types

• Depends on their developmental origin
• Simple fruit comes from a single ovary
• ex. Cherry, soybean pod
• Aggregate fruit single flower with several
  carpels
• ex. Blackberry
• Multiple fruit develops from an infloresence
  (group of flowers tightly clustered together)
• ex. pineapple

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Table 30.1 Classification of Fleshy Fruits
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Figure 38.12 Development of a pea fruit (pod)
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Life cycle see page 610-611

• Angiosperms are heterosporous microspores form
  male gametophytes
• megaspores form female gametophytes
• Pollen grains have 2 haploid cells to allow for
  double fertilization

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Figure 30.17 The life cycle of an angiosperm
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Figure 30.18 Flower-pollinator relationships
Scottish broom flower and honeybee (left),
hummingbird (top right), baobab tree and bat
(bottom right)
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Plants and humans

• Agriculture angiosperms
• Plant diversity nonrenewable resource,
  deforestation, slash-and-burn, and clear-cutting
  threaten this daily
• medicines

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Table 30.2 A Sampling of Medicines Derived from
Plants