USAID and IPM

1
USAID and IPM

• A history of support and advocacy

2
A classic history

• We have come a long way since 1959 when Professor
  Ray Smith and his colleagues published their
  seminal paper that led to the concept of IPM --
• The integration of chemical and biological
  control of the spotted alfalfa aphid. The
  Integrated Control Concept. Hilgardia
  2981-101.

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USAID has played a key role in helping to
globalize IPM

• Ray Smith and his colleagues were able to move
  quickly to implement Integrated Control Methods
  more broadly because of strong financial support
  of USAID,
• To help establish the Univ. of Calif. Pest
  Management and Related Environmental Protection
  Project, and building on that, to
• To establish the Consortium for International
  Crop Protection CICP
• Through Title XII, to establish and fund the IPM
  CRSP and its global and regional programs.

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Global IPM

• Its overarching global relevance,
• To address and solve problems at all levels -
  global, regional, continental, on-farm, or
  anywhere in the food chains and/or marketing
  chains.
• Its outcomes and impacts and their sustainability
  
• Its dependence on participatory research to deal
  with existing ecological conditions, including
  differing farm and natural resource
  circumstances.

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The CGIAR System-wide IPM Program

• Dr. Nyle Brady, when he was Deputy Administrator
  of USAID, worked hard to bring about global
  efforts in IPM by CGIAR centers and scientists.
  This effort, which began with interested persons
  and IARCs, has become a world-wide effort
  involving the Centers and their partners. USAID
  funds have helped in its development.

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The CGIAR SP-IPM

• An Inter-Center Working Group on IPM
• Projects (Whiteflies, whitefly transmitted
  viruses, Farmer Participatory Research)
• Task Forces (Grain legume pests, Parasitic weeds,
  Soil biota, Impact Assessment, Quantifying
  losses, Biotech for IPM, Farmer PIPM research)

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SP-IPM Pilot Sites Initiative

• East Africa Mid-altitudes in Kenya
• North Africa Irrigated ecologies in Egypt
• North Africa Rain-fed ecologies in Morocco
• West Africa Guinea savanna in Nigeria
• West Africa Sahel in Mali and Burkino Faso
• General facilitation SP-IPM Sect., IITA

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Database Development Because you cannot control
(or manage) what you do not know

• Databases on problem species, viruses, other
  pathogens, insects, birds, rats, weeds, or
  varieties of crops with little or no resistance
  to harmful peststhus,
• Databases of the worlds weeds have been
  assembleda starting point for what lies ahead in
  controlling or managing them as field pests.
• Some databases for other pests are in progress,
  some of them well along, while others are just
  getting started.

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IPM Requires continued

• Knowledge of the biology of pests, both their
  weak and strong points, to find points of entry
  to control or reduce damage to manageable
  thresholds.
• Knowing who else has, or has had, problems with
  the pest in question.
• Finding partners to participate in identifying
  problems in the field, analyzing the problems,
  solving the problems, and applying solutions in
  an integrated, practical management system.
• (Useful, effective, economic) control measures
  that work for farmers and other persons in the
  food chain.

10
Building awareness

• USAID has helped to build awareness of pest
  problems,
• And of the need to find ways to solve them,
  through science-based IPM.
• Clearly the Agency should be recognized for its
  achievements in promoting IPM,
• And it should be proud of its contributions.

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Those of us working with the IPM CRSP

• Need to tell our success stories,
• The problems faced and overcome,
• The people who worked to solve problems,
• Impacts on farmers and producers
• Impacts on markets
• Impacts on consumers
• The education process required for success

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COLLAPSE a new book by Jared Diamond, author of
Guns, Germs and Steel.

• In Collapse, Diamond, a biological scientist
  who studies the rise and fall of societies and
  civilizations - tells of the cost of weeds in
  Montana, a western state of the USA. Experts
  estimate that weeds, but in particular, two weeds
  - spotted knapweed and leafy spurge, - cost
  Montana more than 100 million each year. Their
  presence reduces real estate values and farm
  productivityfurther, they cannot be controlled
  by any single measure alone, but require complex
  integrated management systems.

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Diamond Weeds in Montana, continued

• The weeds force farmers to change many
  practices simultaneously pulling, applying
  herbicides, changing fertilizer use, releasing
  insect and fungal enemies of weeds, lighting
  controlled fires, changing mowing schedules, and
  altering crop rotations and annual grazing
  practices. All that because a few small plants
  whose dangers were mostly unappreciated at the
  time, and some of whose seeds arrived unnoticed!

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Who is Jared Diamond?

• He is a biological scientist, an ornithologist,
  who tries to understand the world around him,
  causes and effects
• Including weeds in his adopted home state of
  Montana,
• the impact of weeds on the Montanas economy,
• including changes in farm ranch practices, in
  response.

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Some Questions

• There are many IPM sites on the Internet
• Which of these are of use to you?
• Which databases do you use? Occasionally?
  Frequently? Never?
• What would globalization of IPM mean to you?
  What would you expect? How can we move more
  quickly to achieve effective globalization?

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The new IPM CRSP

• In the new phase of the IPM CRSP, we have both
  global and regional efforts
• 1.Global problems
• Invasive species
• Insect Transmitted viruses
• Information Management Database Development
• 2. Regional problems
• Regional Diagnostic Laboratories
• West Africa
• East Africa
• Central Asia
• South Asia
• Southeast Asia
• Latin America and the Caribbean

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The World Banks IPM Strategy

• Promote environmentally sustainable pest
  management systems by encouraging more efficient
  use of farm inputs and reduction of post-harvest
  losses, partly through demand-driven extension
  services.

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IPM and markets

• We know now that IPM can have large impacts on
  marketing of farm produce.
• That prior to export, pre-inspection can reduce
  refusals at ports of entry,
• That consumers can be confident that foods have
  been safely grown,
• And farmers can obtain higher prices for high
  quality produce.

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Relations with the private sector

• Discussions are needed on national and global
  food safety regulations,
• On trade,
• And on marketing and distribution of generic,
  less specific pesticides.
• Especially needed is a pipeline of private sector
  RD aimed at certain market segments and issues
  of certain IPM-types.