Aquaculture

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Aquaculture

• 1. The Cultivation of Aquatic Animals.
• 2. Compared with Agriculture
• a). Both Husbandry of Food Animals
• b). Land vs. Water
• c). Origin China 2,500 BC Annual River
• Floods Recede - Leaving Carp Behind
• Fed Nymphs and Silkworm Feces
• 3. Freshwater and Marine Waters

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Aquaculture Requirements

• 1. Source of Young to Raise
• 2. Appropriate Feed - Nutrients Amounts
• 3. Protection from Predators
• Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Fish, Invertebrates
• 4. Protection from Disease
• Stress Immune System, Virus, Microbes
• 5. Protection of Environment
• Water Quality, Waste Removal, O2 Content

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Commercial Aquaculture Requirements

• 1. Economic Feasibility
• 2. Closed Life Cycle
• 3. Life History Stage Specific Diets
• 4. Effective and Robust Equipment
• 5. Year Round Maturation Availability
• 6. Disease Resistant
• 7. Maximize Somatic Growth,
• 8. Genetically Defined Brood Stock

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Commercial Aquaculture Species

• 1. Number One Import US - Penaeid Shrimp
• 2. Freshwater Finfish
• Tilapia, Catfish, Carp, Trout, Yellow
  Perch
• 3. Tilapia (China) now Largest Fish Harvest
• 4. Marine Species
• Salmon, Grouper, Bream, Striped Bass
• 5. Other Species
• Shellfish, Algae, Snails, Sea Cucumbers

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Aquacultured Salmon

• 1. 1970 - Fresh Fish lt 10 US Retail Food Outlets
• 2. 2000 - More than 75 have Fresh Fish
• 3. Change Driven by Norwegian Farmed Salmon
• Significant Support from Norway Government
• 4. 1980 Farmed Salmon lt 2, Now gt 65 Total
• Driven Huge Increase in Salmon Consumption
• 5. Main Species Atlantic Salmon - Salmo salar
• 6. Overwhelmed Alaskan Wild Harvest Salmon

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Advantages of Farmed Salmon

• 1. Available Year Round
• 2. Quality Very High - Sanitary Processing
• 3. Air Freight Allowed Marketing Fresh Salmon
• 4. Uniform Taste Texture
• 5. Feeds Well Formulated -
• 6. Feed Conversion Ratio 1.21
• 7. Defined Brood Stock
• 8. Priced Competitively
• 9. Can Adjust to Meet Consumer Demands

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Aquacultured SalmonFarm Logistics

• 1. Siting Farm is the Most Crucial Decision
• 2. Need Rugged Pens
• a). Anti Predator Devices
• b). Automated Feed Devices
• 3. Need Source of Fry Cost vs Survivorship
• 4. Reduce Stress at Harvest Time - Brailing
• 5. Processing Plant Needs Central Location
• 6. Housing Workers Near-by

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Atlantic Commercial Hatchery
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Atlantics Raceway
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Aquaculture Salmon Feeding
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Aquaculture Salmon Feed
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Atlantic Salmon Pens I
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Atlantic Salmon Pens II
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Atlantic Salmon Pens III
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Aquacultured SalmonBiological Considerations

• 1. Healthy Smolt (Salmon Ready for Sea).
• a). Usually Separate Hatchery
• b). Usually Genetically Defined Brood Stock
• 2. Life History Stage Defined Feeds
• a). Transition from FW to Seawater
• b). Somatogenesis vs. Gonadogenesis
• c). Finishing Diets - Omega 3, Astaxanthin
• 3. Keep Stress Levels Down at Harvest
• 4. Disease Avoidance

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Atlantic Salmon Smolt
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Atlantic Salmon - Salmo salar

• 1. Native Range - Atlantic Basin, Northern
  Russia,
• Northern Europe, Iceland, Canada US.
• 2. Iteroparous (Repeated Spawnings) Opposed
• to Semelparous (One Spawning) Pacific Salmon
• 3. Fabulous Game Fish - Industrialization
  Seriously
• Encroached on Habitat. Many Popns Endangered
• 4. Extremely Well Studied - Oncorhynchus mykiss
• Rainbow Trout - Almost as Well Studied.

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Atlantic Salmon Flies
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Aquacultured SalmonCommercial Operations

• 1. Major Species Atlantics Cohos (Silvers)
• 2. Grow Out in 10 - 12 Months
• 3. Feeding - Several Times per Day - Automated
• 4. Major Farms Norway, Scotland, Chile,
• Canada.
• 5. Major Virus Outbreak Chile - ISA
• Chile Supplies Much Farmed Salmon to US

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Atlantic Salmon Pens Chile
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Atlantic Salmon Pens New Zealand
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Aquaculture Salmon Harvest
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Aquaculture Salmon Brailer Harvest
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Aquacultured Salmon Bleeding Out
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Aquaculture Salmon Processing
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Aquaculture Salmon Filletting
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Aquacultured Salmon Vs Wild Harvest

• 1. 1980 Price for Wild Salmon All Time High
• Alaska Pinks 1.00 per pound.
• 2. 2008 Price for Pink Salmon 0.25 per Lb.
• 3. Difference was Aquacultured Salmon
• a). Farmed Salmon 2001 - 1.1 Mmt
• b). Alaska Wild Harvest 2001 - 0.73 Mmt
• 4. By 2003 Farmed Salmon 1.465 Mmt

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Aquacultured Salmon
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Aquacultured Salmon