Water

1
Water Quantity and Quality
Dr. Tony Pescatore Introduction to Animal and
Food Sciences Agent In-Service
2

• Water
• Largest single constituents of Animal Body
• Content in body () varies with species,
  condition, and age
• The younger the animal the more water content
• The fatter the animal the less water content
  based on weight
• Examples
• 40 in Hogs 80 newborn Pigs
• 50 in 1000 lb Steer 70 Calf
• 50 in market Lamb 80 newborn Lamb

3

• Functions of Water
• Involved in the biochemical reactions of
  digestion and metabolism in the body
• Transports nutrients and waste in body
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Necessary for life and shape of cells (turgor
  pressure)
• Constituent of body fluids
• Lubrication of joints / fluid of nervous,
  hearing,and vision systems
• Aids in gas exchange in respiratory system
• Essential component of milk and egg production

4
Water Location in Body Extracellular Water
outside the cells (20 of Body Weight) Intracellul
ar Water inside the cells (45 of Body Weight)
5

• Water
• Input
• Liquid
• Feed
• 10 water in grain diets vs
• 80 water in fresh forages
• Metabolic Water (Catabolism of Nutrients)
• 100g carbohydrates 60g water
• 100g protein 42g water
• 100g fat 110g

6

• Water
• Output
• Urine
• Feces
• Respiration (panting)
• Perspiration
• Lactation / Egg Production

7

• Water
• Factors affecting water consumption
• Age
• Body Weight
• Level of Production
• Temperature and Humidity
• Type of Ration
• Health

8
Water Quality for Livestock
Elements Limit (ppm) Fluorine 2 Lead .1 Mercury
.001 Selenium .05 Vanadium 1 Zinc 25
Elements Limit (ppm) Aluminum
5 Arsenic .2 Boron 5 Cadmium .05 Chromium
1 Cobalt 1 Copper .5
From Feeds Nutrition M.E. Ensminger, J.E.
Oldfield and W.W. Heinemann Ensminger Publishing
Co. 1990
9
Water Quality for Livestock Elements Limit
(ppm) Nitrate 100 Nitrite
10 Salts (soluble) 300 Coliform
Bacteria Fecal 1,000/100ml Total 5,000/100ml
From Feeds Nutrition, M.E. Ensminger, J.E.
Oldfield and W.W. Heinemann Ensminger Publishing
Co. 1990
10
Water Consumption Swine (Gallon/Head/Day) Gestatin
g Sows 4-5 Lactating Sows 5-6 Weaned Pigs
(15-40 lb) .5-1 Growing Pigs (40-110
lb) 1-1.5 Finishing Pigs (110-240 lb) 1.5-2.5
11
Water Consumption Poultry gallons/1,000
birds/day Age (weeks) Leghorn Broilers Turkey 1
5 5 10 2 10 13
20 3 12 24 30 4 17
37 40 5 22 53 50 8
30 100 95 10 38 125 15
42 160 20 45 200 35 50
12
Water Consumption Beef gallons/head/day Weight
(lb) 40oF 60oF 80oF Growing Heifers, Steers,
and Bulls 400 4.0 5.0 6.7 600 5.3 6.6
8.9 800 6.3 7.9 10.6 Finishing
Cattle 1,000 8.7 10.8 14.5 Pregnant
Cow 900 6.7 8.3 Lactating cows 900 11.4 14.5
17.9 Mature Bull 1,400 8.0 9.9 13.4
13
Water Consumption Sheep gallons/head/day Body
Weight Consumption 20 .5 50 .5 150-200
(Grazing) .5-1.5 150-200 (Hay/Grain) .8 Pregna
nt Ewe 3-6 (for ewes with twins increase by
20 in third, 25in fourth and 75 in last month)
14
Water Consumption Sheep gallons/head/day Body
Weight Consumption 20 .5 50 .5 150-200
(Grazing) .5-1.5 150-200 (Hay/Grain) .8 Pregna
nt Ewe 3-6 (for ewes with twins increase by
20 in third, 25 in fourth and 75 in last month)
15
Water Consumption Horse (500 kg) gallons/head/day
Maintenance Consumption Thermonuetral
(TN) 6-8 Warm Environment (WE) 8-15 Lactating
10-15 Working (TN) 10-12 Working
(WE) 12-18 Weanling (300 kg) 6-8
16
Water Consumption Dairy gallons/head/day Weight
(lb) Milk (lb) 40oF 60oF 80oF Heifers 200 2.0
2.5 3.3 400 3.7 4.6 6.1 800 6.3
7.9 10.6 1,200 8.7 10.8 14.5 Dry
cows 1,400 9.7 12.0 16.2 1,600 10.4 12.8 17.3

17
Water Consumption Dairy gallons/head/day Weight
(lb) Milk (lb) 40oF 60oF 80oF Lactating
cows 1,400 20 12.0 14.5 17.9 60
22.0 26.1 24.7 80
27.0 31.9 38.7 100 32.0 37.7 45.7
18

• Water Systems
• Provide the needed quantity
• Cool and fresh
• Freeze prevention
• Anti-siphon device
• Drinking Behavior
• Prevent Bacteria Growth
• Leak Prevention

19

• Type of Systems
• Natural Systems (ponds, streams)
• Quality of the water
• Prevent environmental problems
• Open Systems (troughs, bowls, cups)
• Freezing
• Contamination (Feed, Algae)
• Closed Systems (nipples)
• Swine and Poultry
• Volume
• Temperature