Pre-Columbian era

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Pre-Columbian era
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• Name for the period of History in the New World
  before Christopher Columbus became the first
  European to arrive (except for the Vikings
  limited exploration) in 1492

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Mercantilism
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• Economic system that promoted the establishment
  of colonies around the world for the enrichment
  of European powers during the fifteenth,
  sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries
• Under this system, colonies exported raw
  materials to the powerful European motherland
  and then purchased the finished products produced
  from these raw materials
• System explains why nations were so eager to
  find, populate, and maintain colonies

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Christopher Columbus
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• Italian-born explorer who sailed on behalf of
  Spain
• First European (except for the Vikings) to land
  in the Americas (the New World) in 1492

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New World
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• Popular name for the Americas in the century or
  so after Christopher Columbus became the first
  European to discover the area

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Conquistadors
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• Name for Spanish explorers who flocked to the New
  World in the sixteenth century
• They were seeking gold and other treasures, and
  they treated the Native Americans brutally
• They were often accompanied by the Catholic
  missionaries

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Industrial Revolution
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• Term for the conversion of society from an
  agrarian one (centered on farming and other
  agricultural pursuits) to an industrial one
  (centered on manufacturing and other mechanized
  pursuits).
• Took place in the mid eighteenth century
• Took place in America in the nineteenth century
• Initially focused in the American northeast

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Jamestown
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• First successful colony in Virginia
• Founded in 1607
• More than two-thirds of the original settlers
  died during the starving time of the first
  winter
• Site of John Rolfs first experiment plating
  tobacco for export to Britain
• Served as the capital of Virginia for many years

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Joint-stock company
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• A company funded by selling stock to investors to
  fund exploration and colonization in the 16th and
  17th centuries.
• Virginia was founded by a joint stock company
  that earned great dividends for its stockholders
  from the sale of tobacco exported to Britain from
  Virginia

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John Smith
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• First governor of the Jamestown colony

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Powhatan
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The name of the group of Native American peoples
that lived in eastern Virginia at the time of the
first English settlements.
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Tobacco
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The English colonists discovered that they could
sell this crop in Europe for a great profitJohn
Rolfe grew it and sold it back to England, this
saved the Jamestown colony.
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Headright system
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The name of the system, in which each new person
who came to the colony received 50 acres of land
and another 50 acres for each family member who
came.
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Cash Crop
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A crop grown for sale rather than the farmers
personal use
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Indentured Servant
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• A person who could not afford passage to the
  American colonies from Britain and promised his
  or her servitude (usually for a period of seven
  years) to someone who was then willing to pay his
  or her passage across the Atlantic Ocean.
• Became less popular as slavery became more
  widespread.

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House of Burgesses
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• Legislature of colonial Virginia
• First legislature body in colonial America

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slavery
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• Practice of buying and selling people from Africa
  and of African descent as household servants
  and/or farm workers
• First practiced in the New World in Virginia in
  1619
• Slaves were imported from Africa, where they were
  brought or kidnapped and transported to the
  Americas by a sea voyage known as the Middle
  Passage
• In the American colonies it was more prevalent in
  the South than in the North
• Created political problems, beginning with the
  drafting of the Constitution and lasting through
  the Civil War
• Ended by the 13th Amendment (one of the Civil War
  Amendments)

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The Ring Shout
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This dance paid tribute to the ancestors and gods
of the slaves.
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Triangular Trade
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• In this process merchants carried rum and other
  goods from New England to Africa. In Africa
  merchants traded merchandise for enslaved people.
  They transported these people to the West Indies
  and sold them for Sugar and molasses. These goods
  were then shipped to New England to be distilled
  into rum.

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Middle Passage
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• Middle leg of the journey from Europe to Africa
  to America, then back to Europe in which slaves,
  spices, furs, gold, and other goods were
  transported
• Name by which the brutal experience of crossing
  the Indian and Atlantic Oceans after being sold
  or kidnapped into slavery in Africa was known
• Almost 15 percent of slaves did not survive the
  trip

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Pilgrims
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• Religious dissidents who left England for freedom
  in the American colonies.
• Settled first in Plymouth, Massachusetts
• Came over on the Mayflower, from which their
  agreement on how to govern the Colony, the
  Mayflower Compact, took its name.
• Pioneered the concept of the separation of the
  church and state.
• Separate from the puritans, who maintained
  membership in the Church of England Pilgrims had
  abandoned.

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Mayflower Compact
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• The first constitution in North America
• Signed by 41 Pilgrim men who came to Plymouth on
  the Mayflower in 1620
• Established the rule of law and the separation of
  church and state

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Separation of Church and State
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• Notion that government and religion should
  function separately
• Established in the Constitution by the First
  Amendment (in the Bill of Rights)
• Pioneered by the Pilgrims in the Mayflower
  Compact and first entered into American law by
  Thomas Jeffersons Virginia Statute of Religious
  Freedom

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Plymouth
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• Massachusetts settlement founded by the Pilgrims
  in 1621
• Governed by the Mayflower Compact

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New Netherland
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Colony founded by the Dutch in 1621
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New Amsterdam
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Capital of the Dutch colony New Netherland
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Puritans
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• Religious dissidents who left England to
  establish a purer branch of the Church of England
• Settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony around the
  area we now know as Boston in 1630
• Led by John Winthrop, who envisioned the Puritan
  society as an example to the world, a City Upon
  a Hill
• Separate from the Pilgrims, who abandoned the
  Church of England

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Pequot War
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The name of the 1st major conflict between the
New England colonists and Native Americans that
arose in Connecticut in 1637.
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Roger Williams
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the preacher that Puritan leaders banished for
his beliefs that government officials should not
punish those with different religious views and
that settlers should buy, not take, land from the
Native Americans.He would later form a colony in
what is now Rhode Island.
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John Winthorp
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the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay
Colony (New England)
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Anne Hutchinson
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Woman that was banished for her beliefs that
people did not need church leaders to interpret
the bible, and that people could gain
enlightenment on their own through the holy
spirit.
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Metacom
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The Wampanoag chief (nicknamed King Phillip) that
led a war against the English which would cost
the colonists 1/10th of their fighting age men.
He was eventually killed by the Puritans and his
head was put on display for 20 years in Plymouth.
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Bacons Rebellion
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• 1675 uprising in Virginia
• Led by Nathaniel Bacon, who was unhappy about the
  colonial governments unwillingness to help
  settlers on the western frontier protect
  themselves against Native Americans
• He turned his sites to the colonial government,
  deposing the governor and burning down Jamestown
• Bacon died in 1676, allowing the previous
  governor, William Berkeley, to regain control of
  Virginia.

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King Philips War
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• Led by King Phillip, a Native American tribal
  leader whose Indian name was Metacom
• Fought when King Phillips Wampanoag tribe joined
  with two other tribes and attacked settlements on
  the western frontier of New England in 1675 and
  1676
• Ended when King Phillip was killed in 1676

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Sir Edmond Andros
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The man appointed by King James II to govern over
the Dominion of New England in 1686.He severely
punished smugglers and refused to allow the
colonists to form assemblies
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Salem Witch Trials
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• Famous 1662 episode in the Puritan town of Salem,
  Massachusetts, in which 175 people were arrested
  and 22 were executed for allegedly practicing
  witchcraft
• Most of the testimony came from a group of
  teenage girls
• Invoked by some as an analogy during the
  McCarthyism (playwright Arthur Miller wrote The
  Crucible about this analogy)

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First Great Awakening
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• Religious revival in the 1740s that spread a
  more evangelical brand of Protestantism across
  the colonies, including the popularization of
  Baptist and Methodist denominations
• George Whitfield and Jonathan Edwards were the
  most famous preachers of the time

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This man was a religious leader during the Great
Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s.
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Jonathan Edwards
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• The phrase, "gold, God, and glory" best describes
  the motivations of which of the following groups
  during the Age of Discovery?
• Pilgrims
• Puritans
• conquistadors
• Native Americans

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• The first successful colony in the New World was
• Roanoke
• Richmond
• Raleigh
• Jamestown

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• The first slaves introduced to the American
  colonies arrived in which state in 1619?
• Georgia
• Kentucky
• Virginia
• South Carolina

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• In contrast to early settlers in Virginia and
  many other parts of North America who came
  seeking financial gain, the earliest settlers of
  Massachusetts came from Britain seeking
• profitable trade
• religious purity
• land to farm
• cleaner air

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• The colony founded on principles of social
  equality and religious tolerance was
• New York
• Plymouth
• Massachusetts Bay
• Pennsylvania

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• Which colony was established by dissenters
  fleeing persecution from the Puritans?
• Rhode Island
• Pennsylvania
• Maryland
• Connecticut

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• What was the economy of the Southern Colonies
  based upon?
• lumbering
• cash crops
• fur trading
• shipbuilding

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• The New England economy was heavily dependent on
• slave labor
• the production of many staple crops
• fishing, shipbuilding, and commerce
• all of the above

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• In which colony did the Quakers settle?
• Pennsylvania
• Virginia
• North Carolina
• Maryland

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• Which colony was established as a place for
  Catholics but welcomed all faiths?
• Georgia
• New Hampshire
• Connecticut
• Maryland

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• Which colonies were part of the middle colonies?
• New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut
• New York,  New Jersey, Virginia
• Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania
• Pennsylvania, New York, Delaware

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• Which region of the colonies maintained
  allegiance to the Church of England and had
  closer social ties with England?
• Middle colonies
• Colonies in the foothills of the Appalachians
• Southern colonies
• New England colonies

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• What term describes people who agreed to a
  limited term of work in exchange for passage to
  North America as well as food and shelter?
• indentured servants
• slavery
• headright system
• separatists

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• What cargo was carried on what is known as the
  middle passage of  triangular trade?
• enslaved people
• rum
• lumber
• tobacco

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• What was the House of Burgesses?
• the Virginia colonial assembly
• the U.S. House of Representatives
• a Virginia family's home
• the hereditary line of England's kings

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• Which city did NOT grow as a seaport or
  commercial center during the colonial period?
• Raleigh
• Baltimore
• Philadelphia
• New York City

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• The Great Awakening caused some colonists to
• pay more attention to scientific method.
• abandon their Puritan and Anglican congregations.
• shift their loyalty from England to America.
• seek spirituality through the use of reason.

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• Which country did not have large-immigration to
  new areas in the New World and developed friendly
  relations with the native people?
• France
• Portugal
• Spain
• England