HISTORY OF ARCHIVAL AND RECORDS ENTERPRISE

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HISTORY OF ARCHIVAL AND RECORDS ENTERPRISE
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Epochs in the Development ofArchival and Records
Enterprise

• Antiquity

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CHINA

• Dang An

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CHINA

• Practice

• Compiled chronicles

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Epochs in the Development ofArchival and Records
Enterprise

• Antiquity
• Development of the Concept of Archives, c. 400
  B.C. c. 500 A.D.

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GREECE

• ???e??

• Archeion
• That which belongs to an office.

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GREECE

• Practices

• Deposit gives private documents a public
  authority
  
• Authoritative record was the most public record
• The Notary

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ROME

• Adopted concepts of the Greeks and added concepts
  of their own.

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ROMETerms

• File
• Tablet
• Register

• Filium
• Tabula
• Regesta

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ROME

• Practices

• Registration conveys official status
• Keeping minutes
• Emperor destroyed records of predecessor
• Residencia
• Regard for provenance

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MEDIA

• Papyrus
• Wood and wax tablet

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Epochs in the Development ofArchival and Records
Enterprise

• Antiquity
• Development of the Concept of Archives, c. 400
  B.C. c. 500 A.D.
  
• Dormancy, c. 500-1500

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Dormancy

• Practices

• Memory and objects replaced written record as
  authority
  
• Authenticated with wax seal

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Dormancy

• Term

• Clerk derived from clerics who staff chanceries

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Dormancy

• Practices and Concepts

• Records schedule, 800s
• Case file, c. 1200
• Records as property of the office, 1331
• Distinguish current from records of long-term
  value

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Epochs in the Development ofArchival and Records
Enterprise

• Antiquity
• Development of the Concept of Archives, c. 400
  B.C. c. 500 A.D.
  
• Dormancy, c. 500-1500
• Re-emergence of Archives, 1500-1789

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RE-EMERGENCE

• Establishment of well-defined archives
• Archivo General de Simancas

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RE-EMERGENCE

• Establishment of well-defined archives
• Archivo General de Simancas
• Diplomatics, De Re Diplomatica, 1681

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Epochs in the Development ofArchival and Records
Enterprise

• Establishment of Modern Archival Practice,
  1789-1898

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ESTABLISHMENT OF MODERN ARCHIVAL PRACTICE

• Archives Nationales (France), 1794
• Concept of current and historical
• Archives as expression of nationalism

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ESTABLISHMENT OF MODERN ARCHIVAL PRACTICE

• Basic principles
• Respect des fonds
• Provenanceoriginal order
• Ecole des Chartes, 1832
• Dutch manual of practice, 1898

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ESTABLISHMENT OF MODERN ARCHIVAL PRACTICE

• American contribution
• Collecting documents
• Printing documents to facilitate use and
  preservation

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Epochs in the Development ofArchival and Records
Enterprise

• Establishment of Modern Archival Practice,
  1789-1898
  
• Redefining Archives and Managing Bulk Archival
  Administration and Records Management, c.
  1900-continuing

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REDEFINING ARCHIVES AND MANAGING BULK

• Factors
• New Media
• Growth of business and government
• Spread of literacy

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REDEFINING ARCHIVES AND MANAGING BULK

• Growth in Quantity of Records
• 1789-1861 100,000 cubic feet
• 1865-1914 500,000 cubic feet
• 1930s decade 3.5 million cubic feet
• 1940s per year 2 million cubic feet
• 1960s per year 4 million cubic feet

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REDEFINING ARCHIVES AND MANAGING BULK

• New kinds of records
• Memorandum
• Chart and Graph
• Directive

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REDEFINING ARCHIVES AND MANAGING BULK

• New practices and concepts
• Defining archives as historical documents
• Archival appraisal
• Records management

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REDEFINING ARCHIVES AND MANAGING BULK

• Records Management
• Records Disposal Act, 1943
• General schedule, 1945
• Records Center, 1950
• Developed concepts to promote office efficiency,
  protection

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REDEFINING ARCHIVES AND MANAGING BULK

• Professionalization of records work
• Royal Dutch Society of Archivists, 1891
• Society of American Archivists, 1936
• International Council on Archives, 1950
• Association of Records Managers and
  Administrators, 1955

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Epochs in the Development ofArchival and Records
Enterprise

• Establishment of Modern Archival Practice,
  1789-1898
  
• Redefining Archives and Managing Bulk Archival
  Administration and Records Management, c.
  1900-continuing
  
• Age of the Electronic Record, 1980s-continuing

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ELECTRONIC RECORDS AGE

• Machine-readable records
• Radically new form/media of record

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CONCLUSIONS

• DEPTH AND EXTENT OF CHANGE
• First Writing as basis of authentic information,
  c. 1000-c. 1300
  
• Second Modern concepts of managing records,
  1789-1898
  
• Third Electronic record, 1990s-

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CONCLUSIONS

• FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES
• Defining and establishing ownership of the
  record
  
• Authenticity, security, and preservation
• Adopting, adapting to, and controlling records in
  new media

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CONCLUSIONS

• FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES
• Role of archives in society
• Uses of the term archives
• Managing yet increasing volume of records
• Role of the archivist/records administrator