Monday

1
Week 1 at Konnevesi

• Monday
• 1030 Introduction
• Course outlines
• Safety on ice
• 1130 Lunch
• 1230 Introductory lectures
• Physical limnology (Merja)
• Plankton (Kalevi)
• Fish (Timo)
• 1700 (?) Supper

2
Field work phase

• Tuesday-Thursday
• 2 groups at small lakes (Merja Kalevi)
• One group at Konnevesi (large lake)
• - the groups are rotated on daily basis
• - one English group
• - each group has specific responsibilities of
  reporting (Power Point)
• Friday (untill lunch)
• Data handling

3
Small lake work

• Two small lakes
• - depth mapping
• - snow, slush and ice thickness mapping
• - temperature mapping
• - oxygen mapping
• - ice structure
• - phyto- and zooplankton assemblages (vertical
  samples)
• - bottom animal samples

4
Small lake work

• Few other small lakes
• Limited number of measurements and samples
  according to the available time
• The aim of this part is to introduce into the
  variability between sites

5
Products

• Depth maps (north-south oriented)
• Lake area, volume, relative depth and
  hypsographic curve
• Ice, slush and snow thickness distribution maps
  and graphs
• Transect isotherms, and oxygen (longitudinal and
  orthogonal)
• Variation in ice structure
• Example vertical distributions of temperature,
  oxygen and oxygen saturation
• Phyto- and zooplankton plankton species
  composition (tables) and vertical distributions
  (in relation to temperature and oxygen) of
  selected taxa
• Bottom animals

6
Week 2 in Jyväskylä

• Monday-Wednesday
• - one group at Päijänne (part of day)
• - two groups looking at phytoplankton, and
  zooplankton samples in the lab
• - partly also preparing the results
• Thursday Friday morning
• - finalising the presentations
• Friday afternoon
• - seminar presentations

7
Safety on the ice
8
Starting points

• Evaluate the possible risks before entering on
  the ice
• Think the practices how you would cope with the
  potential dangers e.g.
• - you are not alone
• - you have a mobile phone with enough
• battery life
• - availability of emergency transportation or
• access to warm place

9
Places of danger in winter field work Running
waters

• Danger is radically emphasized by the fact that
  flow can draw you under the ice
• Running waters are extremely unpredictable
  practically everywhere
• -Situation can change rapidly never
• think that the same ice is equally thick
• next time

10
Places of danger in winter field work Running
waters

• Basic rules
• - never work alone
• - when moving on ice, one must verify the
  thickness of ice cover at each step
• - still additional precautions are compulsory
• (e.g. rope on the waist, possible availability
  of boat)

11
Places of dangerlake and pond waters

• Flow of water is the key issue
• -In front of nflowing and outflowing rivers
• -Narrows
• -Ends of capes
• -Ground water seepage areas
• Cracks in ice (unpredictable whole winter)

12
Seasonality

• Towards spring danger increases
• - melting begins
• -less cold
• -solar radiation starts to penetrate
• water
• - effects of flow are emphasized
• - ice structure is changing

13
Enhancement of safety

• Ice needles (particularly useful in early winter)
• Floating suit (note!, only extends life)
• Rope (
• Rod
• Skiis
• Boat
• Ice iron

14
Having fallen into ice

• Get out of water
• Try to limit cooling (it happens rapidly)
• - if you are near to lab or any equivalent
• gtgt go inside as soon as possible
• - if you can reach lab in reasonable time gtgt
  share dry clothes, if possible
• gtgt inform lab for necessary actions
• - If you are too far from lab (or equivalent)
• gtgt call help (or/and dry clothes,
• blankets, etc.)
• gtgt seek sheltered place and make fire

15
Having fallen into ice

• 3. Return normal body temperature / have
  necessary treatment
• - bath
• - sauna

16
Various winter practices
17
Coping with coldPersonal aspects

• Wind is the worst enemy
• gtgt Rough guidelines if weather is calm, avoid
  field work at temperature below -20 oC (when
  windy -10 oC) or use a shelter
• gtgt Clothing should be enough tight against wind
• gtgt Also face and ears should be protected
• (Note even in calm weather wind
• caused by driving on ice)

18
Coping with coldPersonal aspects

• 2. Prevent getting wet
• gtgt Good watertight rubber boots
• gtgt Water repellent clothes
• gtgt Adequate gloves which still allow precise
  handling
• gtgt Do not get wet by swetting, too

19
Coping with coldPersonal aspects

• Keep yourself warm
• gtgt specific insulated boots
• gtgt enough insulated clothing for standing at one
  place
• - preferably clothing is layered so that
  during physically more demanding
• phases excessive heat accumulation
• can be limited (sometimes the use of
• zip may have similar function)

20
Coping with coldSampling devices etc.

• All possible should be done ready in the
  laboratory before the field work
• gtgt markings (waterproof)
• gtgt systematic arrangement of bottles etc.
• gtgt prethinking of all details of work flow in
  the field
• 2. Keep all devices and bottles (particularly
  those with ground glass stoppers) dry before
  sampling

21
Coping with coldSampling devices etc.

• 3. During sampling minimize the time the devices
  are exposed to cold
• gtgt rapid well organised field practices
• gtgt a hole or or water filled depression in ice
  to keep devices when those are not needed (or
  sometimes warm water in insulated box)
• gtgt for critical cases a couple of liters hot
  water in a vacuum insulated bottle

22
Coping with coldSampling devices etc.

• After sampling
• gtgt remove water (e.g. by blowing) from any
  parts of devices which must not freeze or immerse
  the whole device in water

23
Coping with coldSamples

• Irrespective temperature immerse bottles with
  samples in lake water taken to a cool box - in
  critical conditions and with glass bottles this
  must be made within seconds
• With box lid tightly closed bottles can be safely
  stored for hours in a few liters of cold lake
  water

24
Coping with coldSamples

• 3. In many cases, before going back to the
  laboratory it is necessary to immobilize sample
  bottles

25
Basic field tools

• Ice drill
• Ice tool
• Ice saw
• Slush sieve
• Spade
• Wet proof notebook

26
Moving on the ice

• Short distances from the lab or the car
• - walking with a pulka
• Long distances
• - motor sledge with pulka
• - notice fuel and oil requirements
• - some types unsuitable on bare ice
• - easiest way to get fallen into ice
• - in cold never leave into slush for
• longer time

27
Moving on the ice

• In dangerous conditions
• - hydrocopter

28
Additional notes

• When incubating something in lake, use iron wire
  to ascertain that you will not cut the hanging
  rope
• Mark each hole made in ice which is larger than
  drill bore (e.g. with twigs of trees)

29
Winter limnology

• Vacant research niche with exciting challenges
• BUT
• Harsh and demanding season to work
• Due to cold also more dangerous than in summer