author: David N. Griffiths

1
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Maritime Aspects of Arms Control and Security
Improvement in the Middle East

David N. Griffiths
IGCC
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
2
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Although most security issues in the Middle East
are rooted ashore, maritime considerations are
important because

• there are maritime aspects to many of the
  security questions
  
• the maritime dimension of the region offers
  unique opportunities in terms of trust, security,
  and prosperity

2 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
3
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Naval vs. Maritime
Naval tends to focus ideas towards warships and
naval stations Maritime involves armed and unarme
d agencies, as well as economic, environmental,
and humanitarian issues
3 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
4
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
The Nature of Confidence Building

• An activity, undertaken honestly and in good
  faith, in which two or more parties seek to
  achieve a positive change in their security
  relationship
• From the perspective of strategic analysis arms
  control deals with the issue of capabilities
  while confidence building addresses intentions

4 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
5
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Traditional Confidence Building Measures
Analysis
--James Macintosh 1985

• Information
• Constraint
• Declaratory measures (non-use of force)
• Problem In 1996 Macintosh concluded that this
  approach mistakenly focuses on measures rather
  than on the activity of confidence building

5 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
6
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Confidence Building vs. Confidence Building
Measures

• Instead of focusing on the unsatisfactory present
  acknowledge the potential for a positive future
  
• Avoid focusing on measures entirely and deal with
  activities
  
• Do not allow choice of words to limit or distort
  thinking (i.e. Instead of constraint the use of
  restraint)

6 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
7
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
A Typology for Practical Confidence Builders

• Based on Macintoshs 1996 study Confidence
  Building in the Arms Control Process A
  transformation view
  
• Expressed in terms of actions instead of
  products
  
• Consideration shifts from measures to steps
• Restraint replaces constraint
• A category for cooperation is added

7 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
8
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Steps in the Building of Confidence
Cooperation in safety security economic prosp
erity technology peacekeeping Restraint of
activity deployment technology Verificatio
n and Observation Facilitation
providing opportunities to observe activities
observation of activities of interest
inspection monitoring facilitation of verificati
on Information, interaction, and communicati
on exchanging information sharing exp
erience establishing means of communication
notification of activities
8 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
9
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Maritime Confidence Building Experience
Naval arms control efforts have been limited
compared to those addressing land and airborne
forces due to

• The problem of asymmetries in relation to
  maritime power and interests
  
• Navies have roles other than war-fighting serving
  as diplomatic instruments in a way that armies
  and air forces are not

9 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
10
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Maritime Confidence Building Experience
Prevention of Incidents at Sea (INCSEA)

• US/Soviet agreement has been honored since 1972
  even during considerable diplomatic tension and
  disputes
  
• Its success has led to similar agreements around
  the world
  
• Although it did not prevent all incidents it was
  effective in keeping incidents from escalating

10 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
11
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Other INCSEA or Similar Maritime Safety
Arrangements Germany Poland (1990) Middle Eas
t (1994)
US and China (1998)
INCSEAs between US/Russia and
United States (1972) United Kingdom (1986) Canad
a (1989) Germany (1989) France (1989) Italy (19
89) Netherlands (1990) Norway (1990) Spain (199
0) Greece (1991) Japan (1993) Republic of Korea
(1994) Turkey - discussions reportedly ongoing a
s of 1998 Portugal - discussions reportedly ongoi
ng as of 1998
Other Maritime Initiatives Swedish Multilateral
UN proposal Western Pacific Naval Symposium Indi
a-Pakistan
Greece-Turkey
Dangerous Military Activities Arrangements
US/USSR (1990) Canada/USSR (1991) Greece/Russia
(1993)
China/Russia (1993)
11 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
12
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Maritime Confidence Building Experience
Success of INCSEA is based on

• Mutual Interest
• Simplicity
• Professionalism
• Preparation
• Hospitality
• Discretion
• Verifiability and Accountability

12 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
13
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Regional Approaches to Maritime Confidence
Building
The Middle East

• In 1993 the Arms Control and Regional Security
  Working Group (ACRS) began consideration of a
  cooperative search and rescue and the
  consideration of an INCSEA agreement
• The Middle East Guidelines for Operating
  Procedures has generated much interest and is
  reflected in the 1998 maritime safety agreement
  between the US and China

13 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
14
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Regional Approaches to Maritime Confidence
Building
Asia-Pacific

• Considerable need based on the great
  potential for maritime dispute
  
• Maritime confidence building is active and
  well-established in both
  Track one and two approaches
  
• In 1995 the ARF endorsed a Concept Paper which
  defines a regional approach to achieving
  security, peace, and prosperity as including
  confidence building measures

14 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
15
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Regional Approaches to Maritime Confidence
Building
Indian Ocean

• India and Pakistan have shown great interest in
  an INCSEA
  
• Nuclear weapons testing may have damaged the
  potential for such an agreement in the region

15 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
16
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Regional Approaches to Maritime Confidence
Building
Latin America

• Confidence building in the region predates
  the CBM concept by 70 years
  
• There are bilateral arrangements as well as
  multilateral efforts such as the Inter-American
  Naval Cooperation forum and the Naval War
  Colleges of the Americas
• In 1995 the OAS issued the Declaration of
  Santiago on Confidence and Security Building
  Measures

16 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
17
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Regional Approaches to Maritime Confidence
Building
The Caribbean

• Addresses non-traditional and non-military
  security concerns
  
• The region has already attained the type of
  security relations confidence building is
  intended to promote
  
• There is potential for further measures to deal
  with current problems of drug-trafficking,
  economic vulnerability and environmental hazards

17 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
18
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Regional Approaches to Maritime Confidence
Building
Euro-Atlantic

• Illustrates the value of routine cooperation as a
  mechanism for confidence-building and dispute
  management
  
• The region achieved this mutual trust through
  cooperation in NATO, WEU, and Partnership for
  Peace alliances

18 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
19
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Lessons from Maritime Cooperation
Characteristics

• Common experiences among those who earn
  their living on the sea
  
• Navies have created a diplomatic role
  and tradition
  
• Longstanding tradition of international
  consultation
  
• Maritime issues are generally secondary security
  considerations so dialogue is not as
  controversial
  
• Maritime economics are rarely the concern of one
  nation in isolation

19 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
20
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Lessons from Maritime Cooperation
INCSEA

• Any activity that engages former
  adversaries or rivals in working together
  is a powerful catalyst for confidence
  
• Once confidence building is in progress there
  is less emphasis on prevention and constraint
  and new focus on coordination and cooperation
  

20 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
21
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Proposals for the Middle East

• A Historical Compendium
• Senior Officers Dialogue
• Staff Colleges
• Maritime Information Exchange
• Search and Rescue
• Operational Safety

21 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ? http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu
/slides/pp56.html
22
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation
presented by David N. Griffiths

University of California
Wednesday, April 19, 2000
Proposals for the Middle East continued

• Coastal Zone Management
• Marine Transport
• Cooperative Enforcement
• Maritime Peacekeeping Training
• Maritime Environmental and Diving Medicine

- Previous -
22 of 22
author David N. Griffiths Pendrag
on Applied Research 3361 Lawrencetown Rd. Lawr
encetown, Nova Scotia
B2Z 1R5, Canada
Robinson Building Complex 9500 Gilman Drive La J
olla, CA 92093-0518 phone ? 858.534.3352 fax ? 85
8.534.7655 email ? ph13_at_sdcc12.ucsd.edu f for fu
ll text see igcc online ?http//www-igcc.ucsd.edu/
publications/policy_papers/pp56.html