Wars, Hot, Cold and Otherwise

1
Wars, Hot, Cold and Otherwise

• Examples of Technique are highlighted in our
  understanding of modern warfare
• War requires three levels of training
• Engineers and Scientists at the University level
  to design the implements of war
• Industrial workers to make the implements of war
• Soldier to use the implements of war

2
WWI as Example of Progress

• Innovations included
• Trench warfare
• Poisonous Gas
• Machine Gun
• Tactics changed with transitions in armament

3
WWI

• This war marked transition from wars of armed
  masses to wars of the machine
• No longer annihilation of enemy forces on the
  field as objective but destruction of resources,
  civil and military, become target
• Requirement in armament and expenditure of
  material, especially ammunition, becomes so great
  that a proper balance of manpower between the
  services and munitions factories became a matter
  of prime importance

4
Technique and WWI

• Change of single-line defense to depth of defense
  to trench warfare
• Power of explosives with plain gunpowder to
  pebble powder and cordite
• High explosives from nitro glycerin to blasting
  gelatins
• Range of projectiles increased
• Made bomb-carrying by aircraft easier
• Tanks
• Training for these techniques required smarter
  soldier
• WWI became an engineer and artillery war
• Quantity of guns (sheer fire-power) and
  destruction of enemy resources and supply lines
  won this war

5
WWII as Example of Progress

• First war to extensively use psychological
  warfare
• Radar
• Missile Age
• Application of technology to warfare that was
  centuries old
• Henry Tizard, British physicist
• I wonder if the part that scientists have played
  will ever be faithfully and fully recorded.
  Probably not.

6
Technique in WWII

• Radar Offensive and Defensive Weapon
• Reflected echo of radio wavesbegan in 1920not
  perfected until war need
• Germany Radio directional beam that could be
  sued to guide attacking bombers to target2 beams
  used to intersect target city
• British Response Jam or bend the beam so it
  dropped elsewhere

7
Science in WWII

• Scientists used to achieve greater effectiveness
  of present and future technologies
• Thinking scientifically about operations
• How to refine old weapons and develop new ones

8
Innovations and Inventions in WWII

• Most widely used new weapon was the simple,
  short-range powder rocket
• Proximity Fuse Shells from ground barriers to
  fighter planes no longer had to score direct hits
  on the target the proximity fuse exploded the
  shell when it came near enough to the enemy
  aircraft to be activated by the noise
• Jet Engines
• Missiles
• Atomic breakthrough

9
Atomic Bomb

• Great risk in investment by FDR
• Los Alamos, NM
• JR Oppenheimer, March 1943
• 21 days after first detonation of the bomb used
  on Hiroshima (Aug 6) and Nagasaki (Aug 9)
• Even before this test the Air Force was making
  plans to carry and use bomb on Japan
• 13,000 feet from point of destination there were
  charred telephone poles
• Flash burns caused 20-30 of deaths
• Radiation sickness cause 15-20 of deaths

10
Technique and the Home Front

• Massification for War
• Rosie the Riveter
• War Industries Board
• War Production Board
• Victory Gardens
• Ration Books

11
Conflict as Progress over War Korea

• NSC-68, April 7, 1950
• First military test of Cold War
• 140 mile long DMZ, heavily fortified and guarded
• Arose from extreme tension and frustration of the
  Cold War
• Destroyed half of Koreas industrial facilities
  and one-third of its homes

12
Weapons Technology in Korean Conflict

• Rehash of WWII
• First Nuclear Submarine launched 1954
• Supply still a problem
• Sophistication of technology
• Experiment for Vietnam
• Organizationally
• Technologically
• Scientifically
• From 1914-1954 Forty years of war research went
  from trench warfare to nuclear subs