ILRIKENYAcgiar'org

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Investing in animal health research to alleviate
poverty
Brian Perry, Tom Randolph, John McDermott, Keith
Sones Philip Thornton
ILRI-KENYA_at_cgiar.org ILRI is a Future Harvest
Centre
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Report of a consultancy to identify priority
research opportunities that improve the
livelihoods of the poor through better control of
animal diseases
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Commissioned by the Department for International
Development (DfID) of the Government of the
United Kingdom, on behalf of the Interagency
Group of Donors Supporting Research on Livestock
Production and Health in the Developing World
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Introduction

• Why this study?
• Better donor coordination
• Can priorities for livestock health be assembled,
  and acted upon?
• What happens if we focus uniquely on poverty
  alleviation?

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Framework

• Study conducted by the Epidemiology Disease
  Control Group at ILRI (with help from a cast of
  hundreds!)
• 5 month study
• Independent and objective poverty focus
• Widest possible consultation
• Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Asia and
  South Asia
• Quantitative where possible
• Time frame of 15 years

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POVERTY
6 billion people 2.8 billion on less that US 2
per day 1.2 billion on less than US 1 per day 2
more billion people by 2025 97 of these in
developing countries
2000
2025
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How to attack poverty1

• Promoting opportunity
• Expanding economic opportunities for the poor
• Building the assets of the poor
• Increasing return on assets by market and
  non-market actions
• 1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking
  Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335
  pp.

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How to attack poverty1

• Facilitating empowerment
• Making state institutions more accountable
• Making state institutions more responsive to the
  poor
• 1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking
  Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335
  pp.

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How to attack poverty1

• Enhancing security
• Reducing poor peoples vulnerability to ill
  health, to economic shocks, the crop failures,
  etc.
• 1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking
  Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335
  pp.

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How to attack poverty1

• Summary A change of focus from development that
  supports the national economy to a direct focus
  on the the ailments of the poor
• 1 World Development Report, 2000/2001, Attacking
  Poverty, Oxford University Press, New York, 335
  pp.

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So where do livestock and their diseases fit in?

• Livestock form a component of the livelihoods of
  70 of the worlds poor (LID, 1999).
• Livestock support the livelihoods of poor
  farmers, but also consumers of livestock
  products, traders in livestock and their
  products, and labourers
• Disease is an every day occurrence to all of
  these people animals of the poor are more
  vulnerable
• Poor farmers have few animals, loss is important
• Livestock are a reserve in lean times, when
  disease may be more severe

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Study Design
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Study design

• Defining and quantifying the location and extent
  of poverty, and its association with livestock
  farming systems
• Livestock and the poor which species are most
  important to their livelihoods
• The poor, their livestock, and the impact of
  diseases
• What have been the constraints to delivering
  animal health services?
• What are the research opportunities in animal
  health?
• Pulling it all together disease impact, research
  opportunities, and poverty alleviation

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How were they achieved?

• Describe and quantify the distribution and extent
  of poverty in South East Asia, South Asia and
  sub-Saharan Africa
• Determine the association of poverty with
  different agricultural production systems that
  involve livestock
• Derived from global poverty maps developed in the
  companion study of Thornton et al. (2001).

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How were they achieved?

• Determine the priority species to the poor in
  each region and production system
• Identify the disease constraints to these
  species, and rank them
• Regional workshops in West Africa, Eastern
  Southern Africa, South East Asia and South Asia

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OIE
THAILAND
FAO
INDONESIA
LAOS
VIETNAM
MYANMAR
CAMBODIA
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How were they achieved?

• Review published literature on the impact of
  livestock diseases and of their control in the
  target regions
• Commissioned reviews Pilling, Heffernan
  Rushton (diseases), Permin Madsen (poultry
  diseases, and delivery of services for poultry),
  McLeod Wilsmore (delivery of animal health
  services), Coleman (zoonotic diseases),
  Willingham (meat-borne parasitic zoonoses)

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How were they achieved?

• Identify research opportunities to alleviate
  these constraints
• Generic research opportunities identified by
  workshops
• Disease/syndrome specific research opportunities
  identified by workshops
• Disease specific research opportunities for
  selected diseases identified and described by
  experts

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How were they achieved?

• Identify priority research opportunities in
  different categories that take into consideration
  of the likely impact on poverty reduction

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Quantitative assessment

• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction

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Qualitative approach

• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction

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Objectives steps to achieving them

• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction

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Poverty Indicators

• P-adjusted number of rural poor
• Combines extent with severity
• Adjusts 2010 national average incomes by the
  skewness in income distribution
• and relates it to the poverty line
• P ranges from 0 (avg adjusted income above
  poverty line) to 1 (avg adjusted income well
  below poverty line)

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Poverty Indicators

• Number of rural poor
• P-adjusted number of rural poor

NOTE Has no direct interpretation as an
indicator is simply used as a weighting
factor.
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Objectives steps to achieving them

• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction

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Livestock Production Systems
PASTORAL
AGRO- PASTORAL
PERI-URBAN
Rough correspondence
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Livestock production systems (From Thornton et
al., 2001)
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Objectives steps to achieving them

• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction

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Priority species for the poor

• Ranked in order of importance through discussion
  and consensus of participants at regional
  consultations

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Objectives steps to achieving them

• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction

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Assessing disease impacts

• Scoring system devised during initial methodology
  workshop (January)
• Revised used by participants during regional
  consultations

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Assessing disease impacts Development of a
composite index
Economic 25
Economic 85
Social 25
Zoonotic 25
National 25
National 15
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Assessing disease impacts Final composite index
Annual expected herd/flock incidence of clinical
disease x Degree of severity of impact within the
herd/flock
Economic Production losses 70
Control 15
Current cost of prevention treatment health
expenditures on that species
National 15
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Assessing disease impacts Final composite index
Economic Production losses 70
Market effects on the poor 10
Control 15
Public expenditure 5
National 15
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Assessing disease impacts Zoonoses index
Annual expected herd/flock incidence of clinical
disease x Scope of incidence 50
Zoonotic 100
Impact in affected individuals 50
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Example Anthrax in cattlein MRH in South Asia
Economic Production losses 70
Incidence 1 Herd impact 2 (out of
5) Losses 0.02 Normalized 0.03
x 0.70
.021
Control costs 0 (out of 5) x 0.15
.000
Control 15
Market impacts 4 (of 5) x 0.10 Public
expend. 0 (of 5) x 0.05
.400 .000
National 15
Sdijk TOTAL .421
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Qualitative approach

• Characterize poverty in 4 regions
• and association with livestock farming systems
• Determine priority species to the poor
• Identify priority disease constraints
• Characterize current control efforts/constraints
• Identify research opportunities
• Determine priorities for poverty reduction

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Global poverty and its association with
agricultural systems
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. Percentage of the Population below the Poverty
Line (From Thornton et al., 2001) (Rural Poverty
Rate)
Study areas Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and
South East Asia
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Mxx mixed systems xRx rainfed
xxA arid Lxx pastoral systems xIx
irrigated xxH humid LL land-less
systems xxT
temperate
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Regional distribution of poverty, as the poverty
measure is refined
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The distribution of poverty some key points

• The majority of poor associated with livestock
  are found in mixed crop-livestock systems
  (94)..pastoralists account for 5
• The majority of poor live in South Asia
• 57 located there.
• A larger share of poverty is found in sub-Saharan
  Africa as the poverty measure is refined
• Headcount 27 in S-S Africa
• P-adjustment 34
• Poor livestock keepers 36
• P-adjusted livestock keepers 45

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The distribution of poverty future trends?

• Poverty is growing most rapidly in sub-Saharan
  Africa

Poverty Growth rates, 1987-1998 (Average per
annum source World Bank (2000))
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The distribution of poverty future trends?

• Agro-pastoral production systems will expand at
  the expense of pastoralist systems due to
  population growth
• Pastoralism will replace agro-pastoralism in some
  areas of sub-Saharan Africa due to climate change

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The association of livestock species with the poor

• Issues of data availability quality

Livestock demography data the example of disease
dynamics, disease impact and pig production in SE
Asia
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The association of livestock species with the poor

• The poor usually keep more than one species
• Each species serves multiple roles for the
  household
• The livestock ladder

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The association of livestock species with the poor

• Pastoral systems, several species, dominance of
  sheep goats over cattle
• Agro-pastoral systems, cattle predominate (except
  W. Africa)
• Peri-urban landless, poultry, sheep goats and
  pigs

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The association of livestock species with the poor

• SE Asia, pigs poultry dominate
• S Asia, cattle and buffalo yaks in Nepal
• ECS Africa, cattle in agro-pastoral
• W Africa, sheep goats, then poultry in
  agro-pastoral

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Animal diseases and their impact on the poor

• Types of diseases
• Endemic global (tropical temperate)
• Endemic tropical

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Animal diseases and their impact on the poor

• Types of diseases
• Epidemic
• Zoonotic
• Food-borne

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Animal diseases and their impact on the poor

• Impacts of overt disease
• Loss of production
• Treatment costs
• Farm productivity
• Market opportunities
• Human health
• Human welfare

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Animal disease
Overt disease
Disease risk
Livestock productivity - production losses
- treatment costs
Risk management - species breed choice -
management practices - preventive control costs
Market disruption - access - price risk
Other income activities - crop production
(manure, draught) - fuel, transport
Livestock productivity Lost potential
Household income levels asset accumulation
Human welfare - illness, mortality (zoonoses
food-borne diseases) - food security
quality
Natural resources - land use - settlement
migration - ecosystem sustainability
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Why the impacts of animal diseases are greater on
the poor

• Impacts of disease risk
• More disease
• Tropics/unrestricted movement/production system
• Less disease control
• Technologies/services/evolving systems
• Less capacity to bear risk
• Close to survival threshold/ risk averse/no chance

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A typology of disease impact on the poor

• Diseases that exacerbate asset insecurity
• Threaten degrade asset base of poor household
  under current livestock use conditions
• Poor trapped in poverty trap
• Diseases that limit market opportunities
• Restrict the poor from exploiting market
  opportunities for livestock products
• Diseases that limit livestock-based
  intensification of farming systems

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POVERTY
Endemic diseases, zoonoses
Zoonotic, food-borne and transboundary diseases
Endemic diseases that prohibit intensification
Enhancing market opportunities
Intensification
Securing assets
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Impact on the poor of zoonotic disease
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Zoonotic diseases and their impact on the poor
key points

• The poor are particularly at risk
• E.g. cysticercosis, leptospirosis.
• The lower down the poverty scale, the more likely
  to be at risk to MULTIPLE zoonoses
• Prevention is through control in animals
• Sleeping sickness, rabies, brucellosis,
  neurocysticercosis

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Animal disease impact on the poor study results

• Government health warning!!
• Mixture of diseases syndromes
• No homogeneity of knowledge on impacts
• Experiences, opinions
• Incidence and impacts on poor poorly understood
• Global rankings weighted by poor (S. Asia)
• RANKINGS OF DISEASES/SYNDROMES, NOT RESEARCH AND
  DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES

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Disease impact ranking global

• 20 highest ranked
• 3 syndromes (neo-natal mortality, reproductive
  disorders, nutritional/micronutrient
  deficiencies)
• 4 general disease categories (G-I helminths,
  ectoparasites, respiratory complex, mastitis)
• 13 specific diseases

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Disease impact ranking global

• The 13 specific diseases
• FMD, fascioliasis, Newcastle disease, anthrax,
  Toxocora vitulorum, HS, PPR, Brucella abortus,
  haemonchosis, African trypanosomosis,
  coccidiosis, T. evansi, rinderpest

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Disease impact rankings
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Disease impact rankings
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Disease impact ranking

• Comments
• Syndromes
• Production inefficiencies compounded by
  nutritional inadequacy
• The three old enemies (WHO, 1996). More than
  half the human disease burden in Africa
• Poverty predisposes, and is a consquence of...
• Helminths
• FMD

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Disease impact ranking global

• Why are your favourites not up there?
• Tick-borne diseases
• All ranked, but not among highest
• ECF
• 1 region, 1 species, more of a constraint to
  intensification than securing assets
• Sensitivity analysis on combining TBDs
• From 27 (heartwater) to 15

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Disease impact ranking ECS Africa

• Neonatal mortality
• Helminthosis
• Haemonchosis
• Newcastle Disease Virus
• Ecto-parasites
• Nutritional/micronutr def.
• Respiratory complexes
• Rift Valley fever
• CBPP
• Liver fluke
• East Coast fever

• Infectious Coryza
• Trypanosomosis
• Tick Infestation
• Heartwater
• Babesiosis
• Foot problems
• Reproductive disorders
• Foot and Mouth Disease
• Fowl Pox

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Disease impact ranking species

• CAMELS
• T. evansi
• Neonatal mortality
• Helminthosis
• Mange
• Tick Infestation
• Rift Valley fever
• Haemonchosis
• Respiratory complexes
• Camel Pox
• Acute Resp Syndrome
• Anthrax
• Rabies

• PIGS
• Ecto-parasites
• Helminthosis
• Hog cholera
• Neonatal mortality
• Foot and Mouth Disease
• ASF
• Cysticercosis
• Brucella suis
• Trypanosomosis
• Japanese B encephalitis

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The role of research in alleviating poverty
through improved animal health

• Prevention of disease through artificially-induced
  population immunity
• Prevention through genetic resistance
• Improved therapy
• Improved diagnosis
• Epidemiology, economics, impact assessment
  strategies and policies
• Delivery and adoption

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POOR LIVESTOCK KEEPERS
Target outcomes
Disease prevention
Management hygiene
Disease treatment
Delivery and adoption of technologies and
information
THERAPY USE, STRATEGIES, POLICIES
VACCINE USE, STRATEGIES, POLICIES
Research products
VACCINES
TREATMENTS
Diagnostic indicators
Policy, delivery strategies, best-bet delivery
pathways
Research areas
Modifying existing vaccines
Epidemiology economics impact assessment
New vaccines
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Research opportunities for the development and
adaptation of disease control technologies
targeted at the poor, and for their delivery,
adoption and impact

• Generic areas from the field
• Disease-specific areas from the field
• Generic areas in delivery of animal health
  services
• Commissioned reviews by research scientists

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Generic areas from the field

• Vaccines
• The difficulty with the cold chain
• Access to biological products
• Diagnostics
• Pen side and interpretable
• Available and affordable
• Epidemiology/economics impact assessment
• Targeted to interventions
• Impact in poverty terms
• Technology transfer/adoption/delivery
• Weakness of traditional delivery systems
• Research results not filtering down

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Generic delivery adoption issues

• Accessibility
• Acceptability
• Affordability
• Sustainability

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Synthesis of opportunities derived from all
sources
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For each disease
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The balance between diseases with the highest
impact, and the opportunities for research on
their better control a synthesis of research
priorities

• Transferring knowledge and available tools to
  attach the classic performance inhibitors
• Making existing technologies more effective and
  appropriate for the poor
• Capitalising on developments in science the next
  frontier

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POVERTY
Endemic diseases, zoonoses
Zoonotic, food-borne and transboundary diseases
Endemic diseases that prohibit intensification
Enhancing market opportunities
Intensification
Securing assets
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But what about funding??
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ILRI-KENYA_at_cgiar.org ILRI is a Future Harvest
Centre