Radiation Kilo Curie

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RADIATION ...
KILL
CURIE?
OR
?x?
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Radiation - Kill or CureJohn SaundersonRadiation
Protection Adviser
CONTENTS

• this
• that
• the other

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Wilhelm Roentgen

• Discovered X-rays on 8th November 1895

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Henri Becquerel

• Discovered radioactivity on 26 February 1896

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Colles fracture 1896
Frau Roentgens hand, 1895
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X-actly So! The Roentgen Rays, the Roentgen
Rays, What is this craze? The town's ablaze With
the new phase Of X-ray's ways. I'm full of
daze, Shock and amaze For nowadays I hear
they'll gaze Thro' cloak and gown and even
stays, Those naughty, naughty Roentgen
Rays. (Wilhelma, Electrical Review, April 1896)
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Dr Rome Wagner and assistant
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First radiograph of the human brain 1896
In reality a pan of cat intestines photographed
by H.A. Falk (1896)
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ca. 1925 good for nervous disorders, insomnia,
general debility, arthritis, and rheumatism
"Empty contents in a quart of hot water. After a
few moments add to regular bath solution. Remain
in bath 45 minutes with cover over top of tub.
Upon leaving bath relax in bed for one hour
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First Reports of Injury

• Late 1896
• Elihu Thomson - burn from deliberate exposure of
  finger

Edisons assistant - hair fell out scalp became
inflamed ulcerated
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Mihran Kassabian (1870-1910)
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Sister Blandina (1871 - 1916)

• 1898, started work as radiographer in Cologne
• held nervous patients children with unprotected
  hands
• controlled the degree of hardness of the X-ray
  tube by placing her hand behind of the screen.

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Sister Blandina

• After 6 months strong flushing swellings of
  hands
• diagnosed with an X-ray cancer,
• some fingers amputated
• then whole hand amputated
• whole arm amputated.

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Sister Blandina

• 1915 severed difficulties of breathing
• extensive shadow on the left side of her thorax
• large wound on her whole front- and back-side
• Died on 22nd October 1916.

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Do not adjust your set
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First Radiotherapy Treatment Emil Herman Grubbé

• 29 January 1896
• woman (50) with breast cancer
• 18 daily 1-hour irradiation
• condition was relieved
• died shortly afterwards from metastases.

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Early treatment of Lupus Erythematosis (or rodent
ulcer?)
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70 years after treatment
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Radiotherapy 1899Basal Cell Carcinoma
A) Before B) 30 years on
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Do not adjust your set
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William Rollins

• Rollins W. X-light kills. Boston Med Surg J
  1901144173.
• Codman EA. No practical danger from the x-ray.
  Boston Med Surg J 1901144197

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Early Protective Suit
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Protection Progress

• 1898 Roentgen Society Committee of Inquiry
• 1915 Roentgen Society publishes recommendations
• 1921 British X-Ray and Radiation Protection
  Committee established and reported
• 1928 2nd International Congress of Radiology
  adopts British recommendations the Roentgen
• 1931 USACXRP publishes first recommendations (0.2
  r/d)
• 1934 4th ICR adopts 0.2 Roentgens per day limit

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Radiotherapy Progress

• 1904 Radium used post-op to stop tumour
  spreading.
• 1903 Radium used for cervical cancer
• 1911 Fractionation research
• 1913 Radium external X-ray for large tumours
• 1919 Interstitial radium (tongue)
• 1920 Radium seeds
• 1920s Cascade transformer hot cathode tube
• 1923 Dessauer published "intensity charts"
• 1928 Roentgen adopted by Int. Con. Radiology
• 1930's Supervoltage units available

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Do not adjust your set
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Fermis Pile First Self-Sustaining Chain Reaction
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Life Span Study

• About 94,000 persons,
• gt 50 still alive in 1995
• By 1991 about 8,000 cancer deaths
• ? 430 of these attributable to radiation
• 21 out of 800 in utero with dose gt 10 mSv
  severely mentally retarded individuals have been
  identified
• No increase in hereditary disease
• http//www.rerf.or.jp/eigo/glossary/lsspopul.htm

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Cancer deaths between 1950 and 1990 among Life
Span Study survivors with significant exposure
(i.e. gt 5 mSv or within 2.5 km of the
hypercentre)
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Data Sources for Risk Estimates

• North American patients - breast, thyroid, skin
• German patients with Ra-224 - bone
• Euro. Patients with Thorotrast - liver
• Oxford study - in utero induced cancer
• Atomic bomb survivors - leukaemia, lung, colon,
  stomach, remainder

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ICRP Basic Principles

• Justification
• Optimisation
• Limitations

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Developing Dose Limits

• 1949 3 mSv/wk to gonads and blood forming organs
• 1958 50 mSv/y whole body
• 1977 50 mSv/y re-affirmed - cancer mortality 10-2
  Sv-1
• 1990 20 mSv/y - 5 x 10-2 Sv-1

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Playing with Numbers

• 3,500 UK road deaths per year
• ? whole UK population getting
• one kidney scan, or
• lumbar spine X-ray, or
• interventional cardiologist dose

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Mammography Screening of 40-49 year olds

• Currently 50-64s screened
• 300 lives saved per year (UK)
• Between 0 and 2 in 1000 will have life extended
  if 40-49 screened
• For 50-64, 1 in 10 missed
• For 40-49, 1 in 4 missed
• 1 in 10,000 risk of inducing cancer (40-49)
• other risks

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Too Cautious?

• No hard evidence for harm below 200 mGy?
• Number of spontaneous DNA damage gt radiation
  damage below 200 mGy?
• CT abdomen 10 mGy only
• Radiation protection

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Too Cautious Two?

• For in utero evidence at 10 mGy
• Spontaneous damage chemically simple, radiation
  damage complex
• 1990 20,000 manSv UK medical X-rays
• No radiation protection

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Radiation Kill Cure
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The Roentgen Rays, the Roentgen Rays, What is
this craze? The town's ablaze With the new
phase Of X-ray's ways. I'm full of daze, Shock
and amaze For nowadays I hear they'll gaze Thro'
cloak and gown and even stays, Those naughty,
naughty Roentgen Rays. (Wilhelma, Electrical
Review, April 1896)
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Fin
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JRS, 13 May 2001