Motivation

1
Motivation Emotion
2
Instinct Theory

• William James
• Humans are motivated by a variety of instincts
• Instincts inherited tendencies that are not
  subject to reason

3
Instincts Present at Birth

• Sucking reflex
• Facial expressions like smiling
• Hunger, thirst, warmth
• Helping, aggression, mate selection

4
Freud and Instinct Theory

• Freud believed that instincts motivate human
  behavior
• Motivation is caused by sexual and aggressive
  instincts

5
Todays Views

• Few psychologists today subscribe to instinct
  theory
• Instinct theory leaves out the roles that
  learning and culture play

6
Evolutionary Theories

• Motivation is a product of evolution
• Survey of 10,000 men and women in 33 countries on
  six continents
• What males want
• What females want

7
Drive Reduction Theory

• By the 1950s, drive reduction theory had replaced
  instinct theory
• Clark Hull biological needs demand satisfaction
  (food, water, sleep)
• Need state of deprivation
• Drive state of bodily tension caused by a need

8
Drive Reduction (cont.)

• Homeostasis balance
• Body temperature, blood sugar, and oxygen levels
• Habits

9
Primary vs. Secondary Drives

• Primary (physiological, innate) hunger, thirst,
  sexual desire.
• Secondary (psychological, result of experience)
  wealth, success, social approval
• Relation between primary and secondary drives

10
Harry Harlow

• Challenged drive reduction theory
• Claimed that Hull overlooked important factors