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Phonology

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Phonology. How phonetic units are organised. Features and rules. Syllable ... Take ... Manner features. We will be systematic in familiarising ourselves ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Phonology


1
Phonology
  • How phonetic units are organised
  • Features and rules
  • Syllable structure
  • Phonotactics
  • Suprasegmental phonology
  • Reading
  • ODK, Ch. 3 pp. 68-95, 95-113
  • Q. 1-3, 4-12, 14, 15.

2
Phonological levels
  • (Word)
  • Syllable (s )
  • Segment e.g. k
  • Features e.g. voice

3
Contrastiveness
  • Minimal pair test
  • Take two words in a language
  • If they differ in only one segment and have
    different meanings, then these words form a
    minimal pair.
  • The differing segments are contrastive
  • e.g.
  • What about h and ? ?

4
Phonetically conditioned variation
  • Distribution where segments occur
  • Complimentary distribution
  • Free variation
  • Phonemes
  • Variants allophones
  • Phonetic vs. phonemic transcription
  • thæp ? vs. /tæp/

5
Hints for solving phonology problems
  • Look for minimal pairs
  • Allophones are usually phonetically similar
  • Are they in complementary distribution?
  • Select allophone with widest distribution (the
    elsewhere variant) and write rule
  • State where evidence is not conclusive

6
Syllables
  • Onset (O)
  • Rhyme (R)
  • Nucleus (N)
  • Coda (C)
  • Syllabification
  • Phonotactics language-specific
  • Gaps
  • Accidental
  • Systematic

7
Syllables
  • Closed/Open
  • Coda?
  • Heavy/Light
  • Tense/Lax vowel? Consonant?
  • Position
  • Final
  • Penultimate
  • Antepenultimate

8
Features
  • Subsegmental
  • Binary /-
  • Arranged in a matrix
  • Allow us to group segments into natural classes
    more later
  • SPE, Chomsky Halle, 1968

9
Feature types
  • Major class features (SPE)
  • Laryngeal features
  • Place features
  • Dorsal features
  • Body of the tongue
  • Manner features
  • We will be systematic in familiarising ourselves
    with features

10
Features
  • syllabic, consonantal
  • vowel vs. consonant vs. glide
  • sonorant, continuant
  • stop vs. fricative vs. nasal vs. liquid
  • Laryngeal features voice, SG, CG
  • SG aspirated consonants
  • CG ?

11
Place features
  • labial lips
  • anterior
  • from alveolar ridge forward
  • coronal
  • alveolars, alveopalatals, palatals
  • strident sibilants
  • noisy fricatives

12
Dorsal features
  • Placement of tongue body
  • high
  • alveopalatals, palatals, velars
  • back
  • velars, uvulars, pharyngeals
  • low
  • pharyngeals

13
Manner features
  • nasal
  • continuant
  • lateral
  • delayed release
  • affricates

14
Vowel features
  • high
  • low
  • back
  • round
  • nasal
  • tense
  • reduced

15
Natural Classes
  • Classes of sound that share a feature or
    features, e.g.
  • nasal consonants
  • voiceless stops
  • Only use minimal set of features, but almost
    always include major class features
  • Use features in phonological rules, or to
    describe articulatory processes.

16
Examples
  • Engish word-initial consonant clusters after /s/
  • Assimilation
  • Deletion
  • Epenthesis
  • Vowel harmony in Turkish

17
Assimilation
-syllabic sonorant voice -nasal
-voice / s
-syllabic -consonantal -continuant -voice -delayed
release
Underlying representation Surface representation
18
Vowel harmony in Turkish
  • at horse
  • adam man
  • kitap book
  • ev house
  • göz eye
  • atlar horses
  • adamlar men
  • kitaplar books
  • evler houses
  • gözler eyes

19
Suprasegmental Phonology
  • Stress placement
  • Look at syllable weight
  • Identify feature patterns in segments
  • Tonal phonology
  • Segmental vs. tonal environments
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