Center for Environmental Energy Engineering

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Center for Environmental Energy Engineering

• Reinhard Radermacher, Director
• University of Maryland
• Department of Mechanical Engineering
• College Park, MD 20742-3035
• S. Buckley, K.E. Herold, G. Jackson, M.M. Ohadi
• V. Aute, Y.H.Hwang, Haobo Jiang, D. Lindsay, Aris
  Marantan

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CEEE Vision
CEEE will be the international leader in
research and education in

• environmentally responsible and
• economically feasible

distributed energy conversion systems for
buildings and transportation.
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CEEE Mission
To provide tools and information to support
sponsors strategic technology decisions
To develop productive solutions to industrys
research and development challenges through

• R D of new components and systems
• User-friendly, verified, task oriented simulation
  tools

To provide excellent, cost effective, timely
results and technology transfer
To educate a new generation of creative,
team-oriented engineering professionals, the
future leaders in their fields.
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CEEE Organization
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CEEE Partners
Trigen
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Sponsor Benefits

• Influence on research direction
• Immediate access to results and intellectual
  property
• Networking Opportunities
• Semi-annual reports for sponsors only
• Software available to sponsors only
• Highly leveraged research support
• First access to CEEE graduates
• 50 discount for multiple memberships
• 50 discount for CEEE workshops
• Exchange of scientists and engineers

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Facilities

• Heat Transfer Facilities (EHD, Conventional, CO2)
• Mass Transfer Facilities
• Two Minisorbers
• Large Volume DSC
• PVT Apparatus
• Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer
• Gas Chromatography
• Thermogravimetric Analyzer
• Catalyst Processing Facility
• Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
• Laser Diagnostics for Temperature, Species, and
  Particles
• Optical Particle Counter / Sizer

• BCHP RD Facility
• Two Sets of indoor/outdoor chambers for heat
  pumps up to 5 tons
• Test Chamber for refrigerator/freezers
• Compressor Test Stands
• Fan Test Chamber
• Automotive CO2 ECS
• Automotive R134a ECS
• Hybrid Electric Vehicle Laboratory
• Stationary CO2 System
• University Shop Facilities
• Software Development Group

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Expertise
Energy Conversion Cycles and Systems Heat Pumps,
Air-conditioners, Absorption Systems, Alternative
Refrigerants, Oil circulation Enhanced Heat and
Mass Transfer Passive and Active
Enhancement Compressors Technology Scroll and
Screw Compressor Design Software,
Calorimetry Software Development and
Optimization Thermophysical Properties, Fluid
Mixtures Databases, Fluid Property Measurement
Fuel Processing Combustion, Exhaust
After-treatment, Fuel Cells Environmental
Sensing Laser Diagnostics for Pollutant
Detection, Aerosol Measurements
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Center Staff
Five Faculty Four Research Faculty Thirty
Graduate Students Six Support Staff
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Refrigerants Alternatives Consortium
Long Range Goals

• Support Refrigerant Selection Decisions
• Develop Preeminent Expertise in Charge Oil
  Management

Projects

• Oil Retention Experiments
• Two-stage CO2 System
• Heat Transfer Measurements in CO2 with and w/o
  Lubricants
• CO2 Compressor Life Testing
• CO2 Expander Development
• R22 Alternatives Hydrocarbons

Projects under Discussion

• Controls for CO2 Systems

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Advanced Heat Exchanger Design Consortium (Dr.
Ohadi)

• Electro High Voltage, Low Current Electric Field
• Hydro Fluid Field, Most Liquids, Gases, Oils,
  etc.
• Dynamics Coupling Results in Increased
  Agitation/Mixing

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Reacting Flow Laboratory (Dr. Jackson)

• Catalytic Reactor Characterization and Design for
  Clean Energy Conversion
• Ultra-lean catalytic combustion
• Steam reformers for H2 production for fuel cell
  applications
• Characterization of new catalysts using
  fundamental studies and detailed computational
  analysis
• Dynamic simulation tools for reactor and system
  design
• Transient reactor models for catalyst kinetic
  parameter evaluation
• Dynamic system models of fuel cell power plants
  for transient load following
• Enhanced combustion stability for ultra-low NOx
  applications
• Effects of fuel pre-processing on lean flame
  stability
• Use of catalytic combustion for gas turbine
  applications

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Combustion Diagnostics and Environmental
Measurements Lab (Dr. Buckley)

• Real-time, in-process diagnostics for combustion
  systems
• Major species
• Pollutant concentrations (toxic metals, organics)
• Aerosol size and composition
• Combustion efficiency
• Compact, mobile sensors
• Power plants
• Gas turbines
• Diesel engines
• Flame spread mechanisms in solid fuels
• Molten Salt Oxidation for destruction of
  hazardous substances

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Integrated System Optimization Consortium
Long Range Goals

• Simulation and Optimization of Thermal Systems
• Verified, Dynamic Model for Refrigerant and Oil
  Charge Management
• General Purpose Component Design Software

Projects

• Steady-state and Transient Simulation Model
  VapCyc
• Development of Cyclebuilder ActiveX Controls
  and Networksolver
• Positive Displacement Compressor/Expander Design
  Software
• HX Design Program for R134a et al., Ammonia/Water
• Optimization of Thermal Systems
• Accumulator Design Software, Steady-state and
  Transient

Projects under Discussion Dynamic System Models
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GUI Main Interface
Tube Ends
Frontal Area Tube Segment
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GUI Highlights

• Flexibility of tube-end connections i.e. building
  the tube network
• Choice of correlations to be used
• Air mal-distribution can be described user
  specified air properties (temperature, humidity)
  and air flow rate for each frontal row tube
  segment
• Number of tube segments can be chosen
• Support for Refprop (NIST) fluids

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Circuitry Study
Air
circuitry1
circuitry2
circuitry3
circuitry4
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Circuitry Study
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Interactive Mode Interface
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Component Selection
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Component Editing
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VapCyc Output
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VapCyc Examples

• Max COP
• ?s 1.0
• ?v 0.65

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BCHP Research Consortium
Research and Demonstrate Benefits of System
Integration
CONVENTIONAL
TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION
772 kW
710 kW
175 kW
256 kW
184 kW
48 kW
DELIVERY TO POWER PLANT
POWER PLANT
DEMONSTRATION BUILDING
EARTH
EXCESS ELECTRICITY
By using waste heat 30 Energy Savings 45
CO2 Emission Reduction
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Thanks !
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DEMONSTRATION BUILDING

• TYPICAL, MEDIUM SIZE OFFICE BUILDING, 51,000 FT2,
  
• 4 FLOORS, 2 ZONESON FOR
• 90-TON ROOF TOP UNIT FOR EACH ZONE
• COOLING ALL YEAR
• ECONOMIZER CYCLE
• VAV WITH ELECTRIC REHEAT
• LOW LEVEL CONTROLS
• GAS RARELY USED
• ELECTRIC 300 kW PEAK
• 10 YEARS OLD, 200 OCCUPANTS

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CHP System 1

• Engine jacket water exhaust used to regenerate
  desiccant

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• Heat recovery pump and heat exchanger

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Engine Driven Heat Pumps
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CHP System 1 Liquid Desiccant
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Comparison
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CHP System 2
Solid Desiccant System
40 kW (140,000) Exhaust Air _at_ 225 F
3000 CFM of Dry Air
MICRO TURBINE
100 kW (340,000) Exhaust Air _at_ 500 F
Natural Gas
262 kW (895,000)
70 kW (20 tons) Chilled Water
Air to Zone 1
ABSORPTION CHILLER
Btu/hr
67 kW Electric Power

• Turbine efficiency 25.6 , with chiller 63.5 ,
  and with desiccant 79.2
• Single effect absorption chiller with COP of 0.7
• Supplemental cooling provided by existing RTU

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Microturbine Performance
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Absorption Chiller Data
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Comparison
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Comparison
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CHP RESEARCH AGENDA

• System Integration
• Packaging
• Optimization
• Design Capacities
• Real-time Operating Cost and Energy Savings
• Controls (CHP Building Automation System)
• Maintenance Reliability
• CHP Diagnostician Tools
• Internet-based Communication
• Sorption Systems
• Energy Storage