INTEGRATED WASTE AND ENERGY SITUATION IN THAILAND

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INTEGRATED WASTE AND ENERGY SITUATION IN THAILAND

• Associate Professor Dr. Sombat Teekasap
• Honorary Chairman, Environmental Management
  Industry Club, Federation of Thai Industries,
• Advisory Board Chairman, Renewable Energy Club,
  Federation of Thai Industries,
• Dean of Engineering, Eastern Asia University

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COMMUNITY SOLID WASTE VOLUME ACCORDING TO AREAS
Area Amount of Solid Waste (ton/day) Amount of Solid Waste (ton/day) Amount of Solid Waste (ton/day)
Area 2003 2005 2006
Bangkok 9,356 8,291 8379 (21 - 1.5 kg/p/d)
Municipalities and City of Pattaya 12,500 12,635 12,912 (32 - 1 kg/p/d)
Central and East 5,499 5,619
North 2,148 2,195
North-East 2,906 2,970
South 2,082 2,128
Others 18,100 18,295 18,697 (47 - 0.4 kg/p/d)
Total 39,956 39,221 39,988 (0.6 kg/p/d)
14.63 million tons/year. (2006) Only 36 manage
according to standard.
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COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE

• City of Bangkok 100
• Municipalities (4780 ton/d) 37
• Others (1120 ton/d) 6

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COMPOSITION OF COMMUNITY SOLID WASTE

• Biological materials (about 46)
• Recyclable materials (about 42)
• Hazardous materials (about 3)
• Others (about 9)

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WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Secure landfill 90
• Combined management 3
• Incineration 3

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UTILISATION OF WASTE

• Community solid waste 3.19 Mton (22 ) 0.20
  Mton as compost and liquid fertilizer, 2.99 Mton
  as recycle materials.
• Agriculture solid waste 18.6 Mton (22.6) 15.7
  Mton as fuel, 2.6 Mton as animal feed, 0.3 as
  compost. (Estimated)

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UTILISATION OF WASTE

• Municipal Solid waste 2.99 Mton
• Paper 0.9269 Mton (38).
• Glass 0.7475 Mton (64).
• Plastic 0.3588 Mton (25).
• Iron 0.8671 Mton (90).
• Aluminum 0.0897 Mton (54).

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UTILISATION OF WASTE
INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE VOLUME 12.66 million
tons/year. (2006)

• Industrial Solid waste 8.24 Mton (65)
• Paper 1.575 Mton (51).
• Glass 1.200 Mton (68).
• Plastic 0.457 Mton (22).
• Iron 4.478 Mton (94).
• Aluminum 0.425 Mton (71).
• Rubber 0.102 Mton (26).

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Municipal waste more than 200
tons/day
Municipal waste more than 100
tons/day
Municipal waste more than 50
tons/day
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Area Volume (Mton) Volume (Mton) Volume (Mton) Volume (Mton)
Area Municipal Industrial Total
Bangkok Metropolitan 0.266 0.926 1.191 65
Central 0.020 0.071 0.092 5
East 0.053 0.185 0.238 13
North-East 0.018 0.064 0.082 4.5
North 0.029 0.100 0.128 7
South 0.022 0.078 0.101 5.5
Others 0.409 1.424 1.833 100
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PRESENT STRUCTURE

• Only few proper sorting plants are running. Some
  are stop operation or not running as original
  design.
• Few solid community waste incinerators are still
  running. (Around 3 sites)
• Most of solid waste sent to landfill site. Some
  of landfill sites are still under standard.
  (Around 90 sites are acceptable)
• Only two anaerobic digestion from waste plants
  are running but at not designed capacity.

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PRACTICAL ALTERNATIVES

• Develop laws and regulation to promote a total
  good practice in waste management.
• Support private sectors to run waste management
  projects.
• Do intensive public relation for wide spread
  acceptance of publics in supporting good waste
  management practice.

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PRACTICAL ALTERNATIVES

• Set a new target
• - Reduction waste rate at not more than 1
  kg/d/p.
• - Set up centers for complete solid waste
  management.
• Support full eco-town program.

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FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

• Sorting plants.
• Upgrading recyclable material plant.
• Electronic waste recycling plant.
• Hazardous waste recycle plant.
• Waste exchange program.
• Waste to energy Highly interested by
  researchers and investors (both local and
  foreigner) in producing electricity and fuel oil.

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FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

• Composting plant
• Bio-liquid and compost earth wormiest system
• Individual house composting
• New recycle technique
• Bio-gas fermentation plant
• Other Waste to Energy System (Gasification,
  Direct Burning, and etc.)

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INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES (INDUSTRIAL WASTE)

1. Report on volume of hazardous and non hazardous
   waste required by Ministry of Industry will
   increase the opportunity for new business
   investment.
2. There still lack of proper industrial waste
   management in some product, such as electronic
   batteries.
3. New strictly law enforcement can stop illegal
   business.
4. Wide spread public concern.

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National Strategic Plan on WEEE
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Situation

• E-wastes have continued to increase rapidly.

12 per annum
Source PCD, 2004
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Situation

• E-wastes have high potential to be recycled.

Source PCD, 2004
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Situation

• Illegal traffic of sub-standard EEE or E-wastes

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Situation

• Poor domestic facilities

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Concept of E-waste Strategic Plan

• Polluter Pays Principle
• Co-Responsibilities among Producer, Importer and
  Consumer
• Specific Fund
• New Law
• Public Education, PR, RD (Eco-product
  development), etc.

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INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES (ELETRONIC WASTE)
High margin
Strength
First invest first success
High investment for efficiency plant
Collection logistic and Volume E-Waste
Weakness
Complicated / Unmatched regulations
Complicated import export process
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Energy Situation 2006
miniing 0.2
agricultural 5.3
Industry 37.8
transport 36.0
business 6.2
residential 14.3
construction 0.2
Energy Consumption in Industry and Business
27,768 ktoe (15,100 mill USD)
Source Energy Report DEDE 2006
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3.Comparison of Energy Intensity per GDP by
Country
Note Primary energy consumption (tons in oil
equivalent)/GDP (thousand US) indicated in the
ratio when the Japanese figure is set at 1.
Source IEA Energy Balance 2006
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Thailands Energy Situations

• In 2005, energy costs accounted to about 15 of
  GDP.
• Oil imports accounted to 12 of total import
  values.
• 60 of commercial energy was imported or about
  700 billion baht.
• Still rooms for energy efficiency improvement.

Agriculture 6
Resident Commercial 21
Industry 36
Transport 37
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Energy Elasticity 1998 - 2005
AVG Energy Elasticity 1.051
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Energy Intensity 1998 - 2005
Toe/Million baht
,
(ktoe), Billion Baht
30,000
16
15
.
69
15
.
40
15
.
09
15
.
16
15
.
23
14
.
99
14
14
.
89
14
.
79
25,000
22,643
21,961
12
19,988
20,000
18,679
10
16,922
16,208
15,488
15,000
8
13,754
6
10,000
4
5,000
2
1,500.10
1,426.09
1,318.28
1,190.81
1,096.17
1,111.46
1,033.43
923.60
0
0
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
Energy Consumption (ktoe)
GDP (billion baht)
EI (toe/million baht)
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Industrial Energy Demand
Unit ktoe
Sub-sector Coal ITS products Petroleum products Natural gas Electricity Total New Renew Energy Grand Total
Food and beverage 28 728 84 794 1,634 4,719 6,353
Textiles 43 344 8 655 1,050 - 1,050
Paper 444 195 - 176 815 - 815
Chemical 809 481 469 790 2,549 197 2,746
Wood and Furniture - 46 - 128 174 18 192
Non-metallic 5,173 267 1,089 596 7,125 448 7,573
Basic metal 162 339 - 548 1,049 - 1,049
Fabricated metal - 156 327 1,017 1,500 - 1,500
Others 96 1223 - 44 1,363 - 1,363
  6,755 3,779 1,977 4,748 17,259 5,382 22,641
Summary of findings of EU Soltherm project
Source Thailand Energy Situation 2005, DEDE
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• ELECTRIC POWER FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY BUYING RATE
  FEE ADDER

Fuel/technology Fee adder (Baht/kW-h)
Bio-mass 0.30
Hydro-electric (50-200 kW) 0.40
Hydro-electric (lt50 kW) 0.80
Solid Waste 2.50
Wind 2.50
Solar 8.00
Conditions Supporting period 7 years, lt 10 MW
to grid according to VSPP policy, and New plant.
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THANK YOU
VERY MUCH