Cellular Form and Function

1
Cellular Form and Function

• Chapter 3
• Part 2

2
Membrane Permeability

• Diffusion through lipid bilayer
• __________________________________
• Diffusion through channel proteins
• water and charged hydrophilic solutes diffuse
  through channel proteins

3
_________________

• Diffusion of water through a membrane
• ____________ channel proteins specialized for
  osmosis

4
Osmolarity

• Physiological solutions are expressed in
  milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L)
• blood plasma _________________

5
Tonicity

• ___________________ solution
• concentration of solutes out lt in cell
• ____________________________________________
• _______________________ solution
• concentration of solutes in outside gt than in
  cell
• ____________________________________________
• ______________ solution normal saline
• concentration of solutes in cell to
  concentration outside cell

6
Membrane Transport

• Plasma membrane selectively permeable
• controls what enters or leaves cell
• _______________________________________________
• movement down concentration gradient
• filtration and simple diffusion
• _______________________________________________
• _____________________________________________
• carrier mediated (facilitated diffusion and
  active transport)
• vesicular transport

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______________________

• Proteins carry solutes across membrane
• Specificity
• solute binds to receptor site
• differs from membrane enzymes because solutes are
  unchanged
• Types of carrier mediated transport
• ______________________________________

8
_________________________

• Transport of solute across membrane down
  concentration gradient
• ___________________________________
• Solute binds to carrier, it changes shape then
  releases solute on other side of membrane

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_______________________

• Transport of solute across membrane with or
  against concentration gradient
• _____________________
• Examples
• sodium-potassium pump
• bring amino acids into cell
• pump Ca2 out of cell

10
Vesicular Transport

• Transport large particles or fluid droplets
  through membrane in vesicles
• uses ATP
• ________________ transport out of cell
• Endocytosis transport into cell
• _________________ engulfing large particles
• _________________ taking in fluid droplets
• __________________________ ___________________
  taking in specific molecules bound to receptors

11
___________ or Cell-Drinking

• _____________________________
• occurs in all human cells
• Membrane caves in, then pinches off into the
  cytoplasm as pinocytotic vesicle

12
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

• _______________________________
• _______________________________

13
_______________________

• Secreting material or replacement of plasma
  membrane

14
The Cytoplasm

• _______________ specialized tasks
• bordered by membrane
• nucleus, mitochondria, lysosome, perioxisome,
  endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex
• not bordered by membrane
• ribosome, centrosome, centriole, basal bodies
• Cytoskeleton
• _______________________
• Inclusions
• stored products

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___________

• Largest organelle (5 ?m in diameter)
• _____________________
• _____________________
• Nucleoplasm
• chromatin (thread-like matter) ________________
• ________________ dark masses where ribosomes
  produced

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_________________________

• Parallel, flattened membranous sacs covered with
  ___________
• ___________________ _____________________
• Synthesis of packaged proteins (digestive glands)
  and phospholipids and proteins of plasma membrane

17
_________________________

• ______________________________
• Synthesis of membranes, steroids (ovary and
  testes) and lipids, detoxification (liver and
  kidney), and calcium storage (skeletal and
  cardiac muscle)

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Ribosomes

• Granules of ____________________
• found in nucleoli, free in cytosol and on rough
  ER
• __________________________________

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__________________

• System of flattened sacs (cisternae)
• __________________________________
  __________________________________
• Forms vesicles
• lysosomes
• secretory vesicles
• new plasma membrane

20
____________________

• Enzymes in a single unit membrane
• Functions
• ____________________________________
• _______________ - digestion of worn out
  organelles
• autolysis - programmed cell death
• breakdown stored glycogen in liver

21
______________________

• Abundant in ________________________
• neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, other
  drugs and toxins
• ______________________________________
  _____________________________________
• breakdown fatty acids for mitochondria

22
Mitochondrion

• Double unit membrane
• ____________________________
• ___________________
• __________________
• contains ribosomes and small, circular DNA
  molecule
• mutates ? degenerative diseases
• mitochondrial myopathy and encephalomyopathy
• _______________________________

23
____________

• Short cylinder of microtubules
• Two centrioles near nucleus ? centrosome
• _____________________________
• Cilia formation

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Cytoskeleton

• Collection of filaments and tubules
• ________________________________________
• Composed of
• ________________________________
• network in cytoplasm ? membrane skeleton
• support phospholipids, microvilli and produce
  cell movement
• ________________________________
• holds epithelial cells together line nuclear
  envelope toughens hair and nails
• Microtubules

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____________________

• _______________________
• Hold organelles in place maintain cell shape
  guide organelles inside cell
• Component of cilia, flagella, centrioles, basal
  bodies and mitotic spindle
• Can be disassembled and reassembled

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Inclusions

• No unit membrane
• Stored cellular products
• glycogen granules, pigments and fat droplets
• Foreign bodies
• ____________________________________
  ____________________________________

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• Increase surface area
• Membrane bound sacs for transport
• Control center of cell
• Maintain homeostasis
• Framework of cell
• Play a roll in cell division
• Synthesize and package macromolecules
• Where ribosomes are made
• Makes ATP
• Largest membrane system in cell, make protein

• Nucleus
• Golgi
• Mitochondrion
• Nucleolus
• Centrioles
• Vesicles
• Smooth ER
• Cytoskeleton
• Microvilli
• Plasma membrane