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User oriented design methods Yngve Sundblad,
professor in Computer Science / HCI Director
of CID, Centre for user oriented IT
Design Roots Engelbart al (Stanford
1960s) Kay al (Xerox PARC 1970s) Nygaard
(Oslo 1970-2002) Utopia (1981-86)
IPLab (1985-) ?IDP (1993-95) CID (1995-)
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User orientation

• Modelling users
• Centering on users
• Theorising on users
• Involving users
• Studying users
• Reflecting with users
• Ignoring users

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Involving Users - Roots

• Doug Engelbart al., Stanford Research
  Institute,1962-68-Augmenting the Human
  Intellect not only making new technology but
  making peoples lives better, the ultimate
  accolade for an engineerProf. Randy Katz, Dean,
  Univ. Of California at Berkeley
• Computers for the People, Silicon Valley, 1970-
  Alan Kay al., Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research
  Center)Personal (desk-top) computer, Graphic
  interfaces (click, paste, ), Smalltalk,
  Ethernet, laser writer, user studies,
  anthropology, Personal computer building kit at
  stores 1975 (Altair)Garage companies with more
  advanced PCs, e.g. Apple (Steve Jobs Steve
  Wozniak) from 1977
• Scandinavian tradition 1972-Kristen Nygaard at
  NRC with Norsk JernMetall, workshop floor users,
  Utopia, Cooperative Design / Participatory
  Design,

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Early demonstration of desktop user
techdesign Engelbart al at Fall Joint Comp
Conference San Francisco Dec. 8, 1968
(http//sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/1968Demo.html
)
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Engelbarts group did most of the PC today
The mouse and pointer cursor Display editing
- cut, copy, paste View control Outline
processing Video contact "Linking" and
in-file object addressing Multiple windows
Hypermedia Context-sensitive help User
furniture What shall we do when we run out of
exploitation of Engelbarts ideas? Citation from
Alan Kay, who did the rest and more It is OK
that they steal my PC interface ideas but they
should steal all of them The best way to
predict the future is to invent it
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Spectacular design and development together with
users of some of the most innovative and useful
IT applications Spreadsheet (VisiCalc) 1978
Comp.Sci. student Bob Frankston with Economy
student Dan Bricklin (user) KidPix 1988
Craig Hickman with his 3-year-old son
BenPhotoShop 1990 Programmers at Adobe with
photographers Mosaic/Netscape 1993 Marc
Andriessen with research and student friends at
University of Illinois
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• CHAOS report 1995, 2002 (further analysis)
• of Standish groups evaluation of 80000 IT
  projects
• Most important success criteria (points, normed
  to sum 100)
• 1. User Involvement 192. Executive
  Management Support 163. Clear Stating of
  Requirements 154. Proper Planning 115.
  Realistic Expectations 106. Smaller Project
  Milestones 97. Competent Staff 88.
  Ownership 69. Clear vision and
  objectives 310.Hard-working, focused staff
  3

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Some of my user Involvement projects Graphic
workers SE Utopia 1981-86 Office workers SE
Collaborative Desktop 1990-95 Artists and
curators and audience EU eRENA
1997-2000 Elementary school children EU KidStory
1998-2001 Families EU interLiving
2001-03 Workers in work floor planning SE
UsersAward 1999-
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UTOPIA 1981-86 Training, Technology and Product
in Work Quality Perspective
Thomas More 1516
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Cooperative project inventing cooperative design

• Partners Nordic Graphic Union, union members in
  Sweden and Denmark, Arbetslivscentrum in
  Stockholm, DAIMI at Aarhus University, NADA at
  KTH
• Developers and users Liber/TIPS and Aftonbladet
• Overall objectives and themes powerful skill
  enhancing tools for graphic workers, in light of
  the emerging graphic workstation technology
  quality of work and product perspectivetechnica
  l and social prerequisites obstacles and
  limitations labour processes of page make-up
  and image processing in newspapers

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Cooperative design of collaborative storytelling
support for and with children
Funding EU Experimental School Environment
initiative within FET (Future Emerging
Technologies) Partners Univ. Nottingham (coord),
Albany Infant School,KTH in Stockholm,
Rågsvedsskolan, Univ.of Maryland
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KidStory partners 20 researchers from CID/KTH (
Lärarhögskolan Uppsala), SICS, Universities of
Nottingham and Maryland 60 children in Rågsved
and in Nottingham(5 and 7 years old at start, 7
and 9 at end) 8 teachers in Rågsved and in
Nottingham Same children and teachers over 3
years Rågsved designers
Albany designer
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KidStory goals Invent and design and improve and
study IT support for childrens collaborative
storytelling Important for childrens language
and concept and social development As natural as
crayons, clay, lego-bricks etc. Develop and
study methods for cooperative design with
children (and teachers)
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Project on Electronic Arenas for Art ...(EU
Inhabited Information Spaces initiative in FET)
Round Table for deploy-ment of virtual cameras
(CID, KTH ZKM, Karlsruhe)
Desert Rain - Mixed reality performance on rain
curtains (Blast Theory, London CS, Univ.
Nottingham ZKM, Karlsruhe CID, KTH)
Avatar Farm semi-scripted fable in Inhabited
Television (Iluminations Ltd, London CS, Univ.
Nottingham BT, Ipswich)
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Funding EU Disappearing Computer initiative
within FET (Future Emerging Technologies) Partners
KTH (Yngve coord, Sinna, Bosse, Björn,
Helena)INRIA (Wendy Mackay, ), LRI/Paris Sud
(Michel Beaudouin-Lafon, )
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User certification of IT support at workplaces
(the floor)
Close long-term cooperation between Swedish
university researchers andworkers through their
unions andIT support providersinPilot
projectsDevelopment of certification criteria
and satisfaction index
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Yearly users prize 2000-End users nominate good
IT support on their workplace5 nominated, 1
winner, 1 honorary mention
TimeCare from TimeCare, winner 2000. Nominated by
nurses at Falu lasarett. First user
certifiedIT-product (2002)
PermittoCare from Telia, honored 2002. Nominated
by homecaretakers at Stocka-Ströms in Nordanstig
CBT, Computer Based Training, from Kvaerner,
winner 2001. Nominatet by paper mill workers at
Billerud Gruvön
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Methods 1. Understanding the whole context -
common learning, needs Developers sharing work
conditions with users (Utopia) Mutual learning
through simulation of work process with low tech
mock-ups and new technology (Utopia) Childrens
journals (KidStory) Ethnography on production
and audience (eRENA) Cultural probes
(interLiving)Technical probes (interLiving)
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UTOPIA tools in the laboratory
colour slide mock-ups with picture sequences
wall newspapers low tech mock-ups of equipment
(wooden mouses, cardboard laser writer ),
material and menus (paper) graphic workstation
for illustrating prototypes of computer based
tools tool kit (box with waxed cards) for
modelling and experimenting with work
organisation perspectives
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Methods 2. Innovation / Design brainstorming,
scenarios, low-tech prototypes, cooperative
design Use scenarios, low-tech mock-ups
(Utopia) Cooperative design dessions of low-tech
mock-ups (KidStory) Workshops with
brainstorming, scenarios from recent
experience, low-tech mock-up sessions, video
(interLiving)
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Cooperative design

• Adults and children build low-tech mock-up
  prototypes together.
• The prototypes described and analysed together
  for innovative and design ideas
• Experience Teams of 4 children and 2 adults work
  well

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Methods 3. Prototyping Graphic workstation
prototypes (Utopia) Round table (eRENA) Seeding
technology (KidStory) Several interaction objects
prototypes (KidStory) Interaction space
prototypes (KidStory) Video prototypes
(interLiving) Mirror space and Invisible ink
prototypes (interLiving)
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Interaction objects Storytelling dice


Invented by 8-year-old Fatima
Lo-tech storymachine, group discussion, implement
ation, sound recording
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Methods 4. Deployment / introduction for regular
use Work organisation tool-box (Utopia) Pilot
installation at newspaper (Utopia) Spreading
experience for future considerations/negotiations
(Utopia) Performances with real audience
(eRENA) KidPad and Space toolkit (KidStory) Pilot
projects (UsersAward) User evaluation and
certification of 29 criteria (UsersAward)
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UTOPIA results
Dissemination to 45000 Nordic graphic workers

• Pilot installation of full prototype at
  newspaper Aftonbladet 1985

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LO TCO CID/KTH MDI/Uppsala Ind.ek./Gävle
Prod.tekn./Luleå
Pilot project at Arvika foundry 2001
Simulation of production flow for workfloor
morning planning
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User Involvement Manifesto - again Users can and
should be involved to contribute and cooperate
with designers and developers in all phases of
developent and use of IT support (cooperative
design, Scandinavian model) Understanding
the whole context - common learning, needs
Innovation brainstorming, low-tech prototypes,
scenarios, ... Design prototyping, video
prototypes, ... Deployment / implementation
education, work organisation Regular use -
with good support Further education
feed-back, prototypes Developer cooperation
Ethnographers, designers and programmers gain by
working together (also with users) getting a
common understanding rather than handing over