Sensory Processes

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Sensory Processes 3270 Lecture 9
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KEYWORDS -- SMELL I
olfactory binding protein, olfactory receptors
cells continuously regenerate (about every 60
days), cilia (on olfactory receptor cells),
glomerulus (contact zones between receptor cells
and mitral cellsplural glomeruli), convergence
(1,0001), mitral cell, olfactory tubercle of
cortex (part of paleocortex), medial dorsal
nucleus of thalamus , orbitofrontal cortex,
olfactory neocortex paleocortex associated with
limbic system, limbic system associated with
emotions (electrical stimulation causes sham
rage), limbic system associated with memories
(H.M. had lesions here and lost the ability to
memorize things), some hot spots in olfactory
tubercle and on olfactory mucosa
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KEYWORDS -- SMELL II
odour quality, no primaries identified in
olfactory system, poor tuning of receptors (to
chemicals or chemical types) (sharpened by
lateral inhibition, inhibitory interneurones,
granule cells), Henning smell prism,
stereochemical theories based on lock and key
partially successful, BUT no receptor sites
identified, similar shaped molecules can be
associated with different smell
perceptions cells broadly tuned (responding to
many different chemicals associated with many
different smells) coding intensity firing
rate/recruitment, quality distributed pattern
code, problems in identifying many smells at
once, binding problem
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KEYWORDS -- SMELL III
odour thresholds, olfactorium unique technical
problems!, humans very sensitive (eg. mercaton
can be detected at 1 part per 50,000,000,000),
affected by gender can be affected by menstrual
cycle, affected by age adaptation, thresholds
raised (by exposure), masking (by other
chemicals), some cross effects eg. adapting to
orange affects smell of lemons identification,
can identify gender from shirt, prefer own
odours, odour memories long lasting associated
with emotions (via limbic system) "designed not
to forget, pheromones, releasers (immediate
effect), eg. bitch on heat, territorial
markers, humans?, McClintock effect
(synchronized menstrual cycles), primers (longer
term) eg. mice need males around for proper
oestrus cycles
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KEYWORDS -- SMELL IV
PATHWAYS olfactory receptor cells to
mitral cells in olfactory bulb to olfactory
tubercle in paleocortex THEN 1 to
medial dorsal thalamus to olfactory cortex
(ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX) 2 to limbic
system 3 brain stem pathways
associated with pheromones ALSO inhibitory
pathway (via inhibitory interneurone granule
cells) from one olfactory bulb to the other to
do with detecting the DIRECTION from which a
smell originates
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Keywords on hearing (introduction)
auditory canal, ear drum, ossicles, oval window,
cochlea, helicotrema, basilar membrane, tectorial
membrane, hair cells, kinocilium, stereocilia,
amplification (by ossicles area difference
between ear drum and oval window), travelling
wave, resonance, tonotopic coding, cochleotopic
coding, transduction auditory thresholds, effect
of age, different animals, fundamental,
harmonics, timbre, pitch/frequency,
loudness/amplitude, pure tone, equal loudness,
masking place theory, periodicity theory,
duplicity theory, missing fundamental, goldfish
has no basilar membrane - can distinguish freqs,
phase-locking, diplacusis,
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Sensory Processes 3270 Speech
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(No Transcript)
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Formant 3
Formant 2
Formant 1
time
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Formant transitions
Formants
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Same sounds, different spectrographs...
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Long VOT
Short VOT
Voice Onset Time (VOT)
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McGurk Effect
SOUND
VISION
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Video demo videoga sound ba combo da
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Green average blue less red more
Background resting activity -- note more
activity in frontal regions
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Frontal eye fields
Visual cortex
Looking around
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Listening to words
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Counting out loud
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?????
Internal speech -- counting in your head
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Frontal regions
NOT Broca or Wernickes areas !!!!
Internal speech -- counting in your head
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(No Transcript)
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KEYWORDS -- SMELL II
odour quality, no primaries identified in
olfactory system, poor tuning of receptors (to
chemicals or chemical types) (sharpened by
lateral inhibition, inhibitory interneurones,
granule cells), Henning smell prism,
stereochemical theories based on lock and key
partially successful, BUT no receptor sites
identified, similar shaped molecules can be
associated with different smell
perceptions cells broadly tuned (responding to
many different chemicals associated with many
different smells) coding intensity firing
rate/recruitment, quality distributed pattern
code, problems in identifying many smells at
once, binding problem