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Urban Planning and Policy

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Planning requires consensus on government intervention, and restriction of free market ... Symbolism and central city. Town planning integral part of national planning ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Urban Planning and Policy


1
Urban Planning and Policy
2
Outline
  • Context
  • Roots of Urban Planning
  • Urban Planning in the U.K.
  • Urban Planning in the U.S.
  • Urban Planning in the Soviet block

3
Context for Planning
  • Many policies affect urban areas
  • Planning requires consensus on government
    intervention, and restriction of free market

4
Roots of Urban Planning
  • Up to late 1800s unregulated development
  • Polarized social conditions of 1800s produced
  • Revolutionary responseoverthrow system
  • Conservative alternativeameliorate excesses
  • Utopians/Garden Cities (Ebenezer Howard)

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6
Urban Planning in the U.K.
  • 1947 Town and County Planning Act
  • Private land ownership but public accountability
  • Compulsory purchase
  • Community gain, not individual gain (100 land
    development taxremoved in 1952, now negotiated
    planning gain)
  • Overall goals
  • Urban containment
  • Protection of countryside
  • Creation of self-contained, balanced communities

7
Phases of UK Urban Planning
  • 1940s-1960s Physical redevelopment
  • 1970s Social Welfare
  • 1980s Entrepreneurial
  • 1990s Competitive
  • 1997- New Labour

8
Urban Planning in the U.S.
  • No national system of planning
  • Primary tool is zoning
  • 1st zoning ordinance in 1916 in NY
  • U.S. Supreme Court Decision in 1926
  • Many forms of zoning, but generally much weaker
    than in the UK

9
Phases in U.S. Planning
  • Greenbelt Cities (1920s)
  • Henry Wright, Clarence Stein, Clarence Perry
  • Lewis Mumford and Regional Planning
  • City Beautiful movement (early 1900s to 1920s)
  • Daniel Hudson Burnham
  • Regional/Comprehensive Planning (1920s and 30s)
  • Rexford G. Tugwell

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12
Phases in U.S. Planning
  • Urban General Plan (1950s)
  • T.J. Kent
  • Pluralism in Planning (1960s)
  • Albert Hirschmann, Charles Lindblom, Mel Weber
  • Greater attention to process
  • Politics is designed as system to make decisions
    in uncertain situation
  • Planners as facilitators
  • Advocacy Planning (1960s)
  • Paul Davidoff
  • Saul Alinsky

13
1990s and beyond
  • Regionalism
  • Municipality led http//www.brook.edu/es/urban/ref
    lections.htm
  • Community-based regionalism http//www.policylink.
    org/region/index.html
  • Smart Growth
  • Dense, multi-use, quality of life
  • Link transit, housing, jobs
  • Lots of resources
  • www.smartgrowth.org
  • www.smartgrowthamerica.org
  • www.fundersnetwork.org

14
From Smart Growth Network www.smartgrowth.org
15
Planning in Socialist Cities
  • 1935 Plan for Moscow
  • Limited City Size
  • State control of housing
  • Planning development of residential areas
  • Spatial equality in collective consumption
  • Limited journey to work
  • Stringent land-use zoning
  • Rationalized traffic flows
  • Symbolism and central city
  • Town planning integral part of national planning
  • Actual development never fully met these goals

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Take-home Messages
  • Planning emerged in late 1800s in response to
    poor urban conditions
  • UK has relatively strong planning mechanisms, but
    these have shifted (weakened?) over time
  • US planning has been relatively weak, but
    increasing recognition of need for greater
    intervention
  • Planning is strongly influenced by politics and
    power
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