Ch 3 Minerals sec 3-1

1
Ch 3 Minerals sec 3-1

• Mineral naturally occurring, inorganic, solid,
  has repeating crystal structure, and a definite
  chemical composition.
• - have identified over 3800
• - examples include Diamond, Graphite, Gold,
  Pyrite
• Certain physical properties include
• - Color (red, blue, green)
• - Luster (shiny or not)
• - Streak (powder left behind by rubbing it)
• - Hardness (Mohs scale 1-10)
• - Density (mass / volume) How heavy it is.
• - Fracture and Cleavage (How it breaks,
  rough-smooth)
• - Crystal patterns (shapes)
• - Special properties (smell, taste, magnetism,
  glowing)

2
How Minerals Form Sec 3-2

• Magma and Lava
• When hot liquid rock cools, it forms crystals.
• Slow cooling magma gives you large crystals.
• Faster cooling lava gives you smaller crystals.
• Crystallization is when atoms are arranged to
  form a material with crystal structure.
• Geode rounded hollow rock with mineral crystals
  in it.

3

• Solutions - When one substance is dissolved in
  another (solute solvent)
• When elements and compounds that are dissolved in
  water leave a solution they crystallize.
• This can be caused by evaporation, (surface) or
  deep in the ground from hot water solutions.
  (magma)
• Vein a narrow channel or slab of a mineral that
  is different from the surroundings rock. This is
  how we get many metals.

4
Using Minerals sec 3-3

• Minerals are the source of gemstones, metals, and
  a variety of materials used to make many
  products.
• Gemstones hard colorful mineral that has a
  brilliant or glassy luster. (Jewelry)
• Metals very important in our everyday lives.
  Usually found in an ore form.
• Ore metal and Earth mixed together, usually
  requires high temperatures to extract the metal.
• Ex) Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Silver, Gold,
• Metals must be prospected and mined to get to the
  ores.
• Then the ore must be smelted mixed with another
  substance and then melted to help separate the
  metal.
• After the metal is obtained it may become an
  alloy - combined with another element to make a
  different compound. (steel)
• Other uses food, medicine, fertilizers, and
  building materials.

5
Chemistry

• Matter is anything that takes up space and has
  mass
• 3 phases Solids, Liquids, Gases, (Plasma)
• Elements - Cant be separated into simpler
  substances by ordinary chemical means. Carbon,
  Hydrogen, Oxygen
• Chemical symbols - any upper or upper and lower
  case letters that represents an element. Ex)
  Carbon C, Hydrogen H, Gold Au, Lead Pb.
  Some are easy, others are from Latin roots
• Atoms - smallest parts of an element to still
  have the properties of that element. Made of
  protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), and
  electrons (negative)
• Ions - charged particles (atoms of elements)
• EX. Na1 Cl-1 NaCl (salt)
• Mixtures - physically combined, can be separated
  easily
• Compounds - chemically combined, cannot be
  separated easily
• Chemical formulas are a combination of symbols
  and numbers to represent compounds. ex) H2O CO2