Ch 13 Oceans Sec 13 1

1
Ch 13 Oceans Sec 13 - 1

• Waves movement of energy through water.
• Main source is wind speed, time, distance
• Wavelength, wave height, crest, trough, and
  frequency are parts of open ocean waves
• Swells are crests of waves far from shore.
• Breakers are waves crashing over themselves at
  the shoreline. (pg 436-437)
• Tsunamis are usually caused by earthquakes, and
  are much larger then ordinary waves.
• Longshore drift moves parallel with the shore.
• Rip currrent is the fast movement of water back
  out to the ocean close to a sandbar.
• Waves shape the beaches through erosion and
  deposition. Examples include barrier beaches,
  sand dunes and
• Groins which are walls made of concrete or stone.

2
Tides Sec 13 - 2

• Tides are the rise and fall of the earths oceans
  due to the gravity of the moon and sun. There are
  2 high tides and 2 low tides every day. If there
  is a high tide on one side of the earth, there is
  also a high tide on the opposite side
• Spring tides are higher and occur 2 times a
  month, when you have a new moon and/or a full
  moon.
• Neap tides are not that high and also occur 2
  times a month, at 1st and last quarter.(pg445)
  Theses are different from low tides.

3
Ocean Water Sec 13 - 3

• Salinity is the amount of dissolved salt in water
• Average salinity is 35 ppt. (parts per thousand)
• It can be higher in warm areas from evaporating
  or very cold areas from water freezing.
• It can be lower in areas where fresh water is
  being added to the oceans like rivers.
• Temperatures and gasses vary with depth and
  location in the ocean
• Pressure increases with the depth as well. To go
  very far underwater we use submersibles.

4
Currents and Climates sec 13 - 4

• Currents are large streams of moving water that
  flow through the oceans. (pg 457)
• Surface Currents are driven mainly by wind and go
  down a few hundred meters.
• - Coriolis Effect winds and water curving due
  to the earths rotation. North curves to the
  right.
• Surface currents like El Nino effect climates.
• Deep Currents are caused by differences in
  density of ocean water, which occur because of
  temperature and salinity differences
• Upwelling moves cold water upward from the deep
  ocean. It brings up tiny organisms, minerals,
  and other nutrients from the deeper layers of the
  ocean

5
Ch 14 sec 14 - 1

• Early ocean exploration started with the British
  ship, the HMS Challenger, in 1872.
• Long before that the Polynesians explored the
  south pacific about 2000 years earlier.
• Today the oceans are studied through sonar, which
  uses sound waves to measure things.
• Ocean Floor features include the continental
  shelf and slope, along with abyssal plains,
  volcanic islands, seamounts, mid-ocean ridges,
  and trenches.
• Ocean Zones include the intertidal zone, the
  neritic zone and the open ocean zone.

6
Sec 14 2 Habitat

• We classify organism by how they move and where
  they live.
• Plankton Float, Nekton Swim, Benthos
  Bottom,
• Intertidal Zones
• Ocean food webs show how organisms relate to each
  other according to food sources.
• Estuaries are areas where freshwater mixes with
  ocean water, bays, inlets, etc
• Mangrove forests wetlands found in Estuaries
• Salt marshes are wetlands also with smelly mud.
• Sandy Shores are common in the intertidal zones.
• Rocky Shores are also very common in those zones.
• Tide pools are left behind when tides retreat and
  water becomes trapped.

7

• Neritic Zones include the shallow water above the
  continental shelf that receives sunlight and a
  steady supply of nutrients.
• Coral reefs are made by tiny coral and their
  remains. They form in shallow, warm water.
• - Fringing, barrier, and atolls (pg 484)
• Kelp Forests grow in cold water with rocky floors
• They can be up to 30 feet tall
• Open Ocean Zones have 3 parts surface which
  receives sunlight, deep which does not, and the
  transition in between. The deep zone has
  bioluminescent organisms which make their own
  light.
• Hydrothermal vents have hot water rising out of
  cracks in the oceans from hot magma underneath.
  Since there is no sunlight, the some organisms
  use a process called chemosynthesis to produce
  food.

8
Sec 14 3 Resources

• Living resources include fish and other
  organisms. Aquaculture is the farming of
  saltwater and freshwater organisms.
• Nonliving resources include water, fuels, and
  minerals.
• Desalination plants take salt out of the water.
• Oil rigs drill holes in the bottom of the oceans
  from above the water surface.
• Minerals such as diamonds and gold are mined
  under the oceans. Nodules are black lumps of
  metals that concentrate around shells of living
  things that can also be mined.

9

• Ocean Pollution can be from natural causes, but
  most is related to human activities.
• Sewage, chemicals, and trash dumped into oceans
  are just a few examples.
• Oil pollution from accidents on oil rigs or oil
  tankers is a major threat to the environment.
• No one technically owns the oceans.
• The United Nations has ruled that countries own
  22 km from its coasts and may harvest out to 370
  km for natural resources.