Title: Chapter 11 Information System Development and Programming Languages
1Chapter 11 Information System Development and
Programming Languages
2Chapter 11 Objectives
List various types of nonprocedurallanguages and
tools
Discuss the importance of project management,
feasibility assessment, data and information
gathering techniques, and documentation during
system development
Describe various ways to develop Web pages
Discuss the purpose of each phase in the system
development cycle
Identify popular programming languages and their
uses
Differentiate between low-level languages and
procedural languages
List the six steps in the program development
cycle
Identify the benefits of object-oriented
programming languages
Explain the basic control structures used in
designing solutions to programming problems
3The System Development Life Cycle
- What is an information system (IS)?
Hardware, software, data, people, and procedures
that work together to produce quality information
SystemSet of components that interact to achieve
common goal
Businesses use many types of systems
p. 384
4The System Development Life Cycle
- What are the phases of the system development
cycle?
Phase 2. Analysis
- Conduct preliminary investigation
- Perform detailed analysis activities
- Study current system
- Determine user requirements
- Recommend solution
Phase 1. Planning
Phase 3. Design
- Review project requests
- Prioritize project requests
- Allocate resources
- Identify project development team
- Acquire hardware and software, if necessary
- Develop details of system
Phase 4. Implementation
Phase 5. Support
- Develop programs, if necessary
- Install and test new system
- Train users
- Convert to new system
- Conduct post-implementation system review
- Identify errors and enhancements
- Monitor system performance
p. 384 Fig. 11-1
5The System Development Life Cycle
- What are guidelines for system development?
Arrange tasks into phases (groups of activities)
- Involve users (anyone for whom system is being
built)
Develop clearly defined standards (procedures
company expects employees to follow)
p. 385
6The System Development Life Cycle
- Who participates in the system development life
cycle?
p. 385 Fig. 11-2
7The System Development Life Cycle
- What is a systems analyst?
Responsible for designing and developing
information system
Liaison between users and IT professionals
p. 385
8The System Development Life Cycle
- What is the project team?
Formed to work on project from beginning to end
Consists of users, systems analyst, and other IT
professionals
Project leaderone member of the team who
manages and controls project budget and schedule
p. 386
9The System Development Life Cycle
- What is project management?
- Process of planning, scheduling, and controlling
activities during system development cycle - Project leader identifies elements for project
Required activities
Goal, objectives, and expectations, collectively
called scope
Time estimates for each activity
Cost estimates for each activity
Activities that can take place at same time
Order of activities
p. 386
10The System Development Life Cycle
- Popular tool used to plan and schedule time
relationships among project activities
p. 386 Fig. 11-3
11The System Development Life Cycle
Operational feasibility
Measure of how suitable system development will
be to the company
Four feasibility tests
Schedule feasibility
Economic feasibility (also called cost/benefit
feasibility)
Technical feasibility
p. 387
12The System Development Life Cycle
Collection and summarization of data and
information
Includes reports, diagrams, programs, and other
deliverables
p. 387
13The System Development Life Cycle
- What are six data and information gathering
techniques?
- Review documentation
- Observe
- Questionnaire
- Interview
- Joint-application design (JAD) session
- Research
p. 388 Fig. 11-4
14The System Development Life Cycle
- What are some reasons to create or modify an
information system?
To improve existing system
To correct problem in existing system
Competition can lead to change
Outside group may mandate change
p. 389
15The System Development Life Cycle
- What is a request for system services?
- Formal request for new or modified information
system - Also called project request
p. 389 Fig. 11-5
16The System Development Life Cycle
- What is the planning phase?
Begins when steering committee receives project
request
Steering committeedecision-making body for the
company
Function of committee
Review and approve project requests
Allocate resources
Form project development team for each approved
project
Prioritize project requests
p. 390
17The System Development Life Cycle
- What is the analysis phase?
p. 391
18The System Development Life Cycle
- What is the preliminary investigation?
- Determine exact nature of problem or improvement
and whether it is worth pursuing
- Findings are presented in feasibility report,
also known as a feasibility study
p. 391 Fig. 11-6
19The System Development Life Cycle
- What is detailed analysis?
1. Study how current system works
2. Determine users wants, needs, and requirements
3. Recommend solution
Sometimes called logical design
p. 393
20The System Development Life Cycle
- What is the system proposal?
p. 393
21The System Development Life Cycle
- What are possible solutions?
Horizontal market softwaremeets needs of many
companies
Buy packaged softwareprewritten software
available for purchase
Vertical market softwaredesigned for particular
industry
Write own custom softwaresoftware developed at
users request
Outsourcehave outside source develop software
p. 393
22The System Development Life Cycle
- What is the design phase?
Acquire hardware and software
Develop all details of new or modified
information system
p. 394
23The System Development Life Cycle
- What is needed to acquire new hardware and
software?
- Identify all hardware and software requirements
of new or modified system
Surf Web
Talk with other systems analysts
Visit vendors stores
Read print and online trade journals, newspapers,
and magazines
- E-zine, or electronic magazine, is publication
available on Web
p. 394
24The System Development Life Cycle
- What are three basic documents used to summarize
technical specifications?
Request for quotation (RFQ)
Request for proposal (RFP)
Request for information (RFI)
p. 395
25The System Development Life Cycle
- What is a value-added reseller (VAR)?
- Complete system provided by value-added reseller
- Value-added reseller (VAR) purchases products
from manufacturer and then resells them, offering
additional services with product - Authorized VARs must meet certain
manufacturer-specified requirements
p. 395 Fig. 11-7
26The System Development Life Cycle
- How do systems analysts test software products?
- References from vendor
- Talk to current users of product
- Product demonstrations
- Trial version of software
- Benchmark test measures performance
p. 395
27The System Development Life Cycle
- What is a detailed design?
Detailed design specifications for components in
proposed solution
Includes several activities
Database design
Input and output design
Program design
p. 396
28The System Development Life Cycle
- Sample of input or output that contains actual
data
p. 396 Fig. 11-8
29The System Development Life Cycle
- Input or output that contains programming-like
notations for data items
p. 396 Fig. 11-9
30The System Development Life Cycle
Working model of proposed system
Beginning a prototype too early may lead to
problems
p. 397
31The System Development Life Cycle
- What is computer-aided software engineering
(CASE)?
- Software tools designed to support activities of
system development cycle
p. 397 Fig. 11-10
32The System Development Life Cycle
- What is the implementation phase?
- Purpose is to construct, or build, new or
modified system and then deliver it to users
Convert to new system
Train users
Install and test new system
Develop programs
p. 398
33The System Development Life Cycle
- What are the three types of tests performed by
system developers?
Systems test
Unit Test
Verifies each individual program works by itself
Verifies all programs in application work together
Integration Test
Verifies application works with other applications
p. 398
34The System Development Life Cycle
- Showing users exactly how they will use new
hardware and software in system
p. 398 Fig. 11-11
35The System Development Life Cycle
- Conduct post-implementation system reviewmeeting
to find out if information system is performing
according to expectations
Identify errors
- What is the support phase?
- Provides ongoing assistance after system is
implemented
Identify enhancements
Monitor system performance
p. 400
36Programming Languages
- What is a computer program?
- Set of instructions that directs computer to
perform tasks
- Programming languageused to write instructions
p. 400 Fig. 11-12
37Programming Languages
- What are low-level languages and high-level
languages?
High-level language
Low-levellanguage
Machine-dependentruns only on one type of
computer
Often machine-independentcan run on many
different types of computers
Machine and assembly languages are low-level
p. 401
38Programming Languages
- What is machine language?
- Only language computer directly recognizes
p. 401 Fig. 11-13
39Programming Languages
- What is assembly language?
- Instructions made up of symbolic instruction
codes, meaningful abbreviations and codes - Source program contains code to be converted to
machine language
p. 402 Fig. 11-14
40Programming Languages
- What is a procedural language?
Uses series of English-like words to write
instructions
Programmer writes instructions that tell computer
what to accomplish and how to do it
Most widely used are BASIC, COBOL, and C
Often called third-generation language (3GL)
p. 402
41Programming Languages
- Program that converts entire source program into
machine language before executing it
p. 402 Fig. 11-15
42Programming Languages
- Program that translates and executes one program
code statement at a time
- Does not produce object program
p. 403 Fig. 11-16
43Programming Languages
- Designed for use as simple, interactive
problem-solving language - Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
p. 404 Fig. 11-17
44Programming Languages
- Designed for business applications
- English-like statements make code easy to read,
write, and maintain - COmmon Business-Oriented Language
p. 404 Fig. 11-18
45Programming Languages
- Powerful language originally designed to write
system software - Requires professional programming skills
p. 405 Fig. 11-19
46Programming Languages
- What is an object-oriented programming (OOP)
language?
Used to implement object-oriented design
Major benefit is ability to reuse existing
objects
C and Java are complete object-oriented
languages
Object is item that contains data and
procedures that act on data
p. 405
47Programming Languages
- Developed by Sun Microsystems
- Similar to C but uses just-in-time (JIT)
compiler to convert source code into machine code
p. 406 Fig. 11-20
48Programming Languages
- Includes all elements of C, plus additional
features for working with object-oriented
concepts - Used to develop database and Web applications
p. 670 Fig. 13-9
49Programming Languages
- What is a visual programming language?
Provides visual or graphical interface for
creating source code
Sometimes calledfifth-generation language
Often used in RAD (rapid application development)
environment
p. 406
50Programming Languages
- What is Visual Studio .NET 2003?
- Suite of visual programming languages and RAD
tools - .NET is set of technologies that allows program
to run on Internet - Visual Basic .NET 2003 is used to build complex
object-based programs
p. 407 Fig. 11-21
51Programming Languages
- Powerful visual programming tool
- Ideal for large-scale enterprise and Web
applications
What is PowerBuilder?
- Another powerful visual programming tool
- Best suited for Web-based and large-scale
object-oriented applications
p. 408
52Programming Languages
- What are nonprocedural languages and program
development tools?
Nonprocedural LanguageThe programmer writes
English-like instructions or interacts with a
visual environment to retrieve data from files or
a database
Program Development ToolsUser-friendly programs
designed to assist both programmers and users in
creating programs
p. 408
53Programming Languages
- What is RPG (Report Program Generator)?
- Nonprocedural language used for generating
reports, performing computations, and updating
files
p. 408 Fig. 11-22
54Programming Languages
- What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)?
- Nonprocedural language that allows access to data
in database - Popular 4GL is SQL, query language that allows
users to manage data in relational DBMS
p. 409 Fig. 11-23
55Programming Languages
- What is an application generator?
- Program that creates source code or machine code
from specification - Consists of report writer, form, and menu
generator
- Form provides areas for entering data
p. 409 Fig. 11-24
56Programming Languages
- What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?
p. 410 Fig. 11-25
57Programming Languages
- What is a scripting language?
- Typically easy to learn and use
- JavaScriptadds dynamic content and interactive
elements to Web page - VBScript (Visual Basic, Scripting Edition)adds
intelligence and interactivity to Web page - Perl (Practical Extraction and Report
Language)has powerful text processing
capabilities
p. 412 Fig. 11-26
58Programming Languages
- What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)?
- Allows developers to include more graphical
interest and interactivity in Web page
p. 413 Fig. 11-27
59Programming Languages
- What are XHTML, XML, and WML?
Includes features of HTML and XML
XHTML (Extensible HTML)enables Web sites to be
displayed more easily on microbrowsers
XML (Extensible Markup Language)allows
developers to create customized tags
Server sends entire record to client, enabling
client to do much of processing without going
back to server
WML (Wireless Markup Language)allows developers
to design pages specifically for microbrowsers
Uses wireless application protocol (WAP),
standard that specifies how wireless devices
communicate with Web
p. 413
60Programming Languages
- What is Web page authoring software?
- Creates sophisticated Web pages without using
HTML - Generates HTML
p. 414
61Programming Languages
- What is multimedia authoring software?
- Combines text, graphics, animation, audio, and
video into interactive presentation - Used for computer-based training (CBT) and
Web-based training (WBT)
- Software includes Toolbook, Authorware, and
Director
p. 414 Fig. 11-28
62Programming Languages
- What are other available programming languages?
ALGOL
ADA
APL
FORTH
LISP
HYPERTALK
FORTRAN
LOGO
PASCAL
MODULA-2
PILOT
SMALLTALK
PROLOG
PL/I
p. 415
63The Program Development Cycle
- What is the program development cycle?
- Steps programmers use to build computer programs
- Programming teamGroup of programmers working on
program
p. 416 Fig. 11-30
64The Program Development Cycle
- What is a sequence control structure?
- Control structure that shows actions following
each other in order
- Control structure depicts logical order of
program instructions
p. 418 Fig. 11-31
65The Program Development Cycle
- What is a selection control structure?
- Tells program which action to take, based on a
certain condition - Two types
- Case control structure
- If-then-else control structureyields one of two
possibilities true or false
p. 418 Fig. 11-32
66The Program Development Cycle
- What is a case control structure?
- Yields one of three or more possibilities
p. 418 Fig. 11-33
67The Program Development Cycle
- What is a repetition control structure?
- Enables program to perform one or more actions
repeatedly
- Do-while control structurerepeats as long as
condition is true
- Do-until control structurerepeats until
condition is true
p. 419 Figs. 11-3411-35
68Summary of Information System Development and
Programming Languages
Phases in the system development life cycle
Various programming languages used to write and
develop computer programs
Web development and multimedia development tools
Guidelines for system development
Program development cycle
Activities that occur during the entire system
development cycle
Chapter 11 Complete