Chapter 15 Program Development and Programming Languages

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Chapter 15Program Development and Programming
Languages
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What Is a Computer Program?

• What is a computer program?

• Set of instructions that directs computer to
  perform tasks

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The Program Development Life Cycle

• What is the program development life cycle (PDLC)?

• Steps followed to build computer programs

p.15.22 Fig. 15-1
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The Program Development Life Cycle

• How is program development related to system
  development?

• Program development is ongoing process within
  system development

p.15.3 Fig. 15-2
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Step 1 Analyze Problem

• What is involved in analyzing the problem?

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Step 1 Analyze Problem

• What is an IPO chart?

• Identifies programs inputs, outputs, and
  processing steps
• Used to establish design specifications

p.15.4 Fig. 15-3
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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is involved in designing programs?

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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is a hierarchy chart?

• Used to show program modules graphically
• Also called structure chart or top-down chart

p.15. 6Fig. 15-4
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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is structured design?

• Technique that builds all program logic from
  combination of three basic control structures

Click to view Web Link then click Structured
Design
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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is a sequence control structure?

• Shows one or more actions following each other in
  order
• Actions could be
• Inputs
• Processes
• Outputs

p.15.7 Fig. 15-5
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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is a selection control structure?

• Tells program which action to take, based on a
  certain condition

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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is an if-then-else control structure?

p.15.7 Fig. 15-6
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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is a case control structure?

p.15.7 Fig. 15-7
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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is a repetition control structure?

• Used when program performs one or more actions
  repeatedly as long as certain condition is met

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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is a do-while control structure?

• Repeats one or more times as long as condition is
  true

p.15.8 Fig. 15-8
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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is a do-until control structure?

• Tests condition at end of loop

p.15.8 Fig. 15-9
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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is a proper program?

• No dead code
• No infinite loops
• One entry point
• One exit point

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Step 2 Design Programs

• How are entry and exit points shown?

• Each control structure should have one entry
  point and one exit point

p.15.9 Fig. 15-10
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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is a program flowchart?

• Graphically shows logic in a solution algorithm

p.15.10 Fig. 15-12
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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is a Nassi-Schneiderman (N-S) chart?

• Graphically shows logic in a solution algorithm

p.15.11 Fig. 15-14
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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is pseudocode?

• Uses condensed form of English to convey program
  logic

p.15.12 Fig. 15-15
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Step 2 Design Programs

• What is a quality review?

• Review of program design
• Desk check
• Structured walkthrough

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Step 3 Code Programs

• What is involved in coding programs?

• Two steps
• Translating solution algorithm into a programming
  language
• Entering programming language code into the
  computer

p.15.13 Fig. 15-16
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Step 4 Test Programs

• What is involved in testing programs?

• Goal is to ensure program runs correctly and is
  error free
• Three types of errors
• Syntax
• Logic
• Run time

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Step 4 Test Programs

• What is debugging?

• Process of locating and correcting syntax and
  logic errors in program

p.15.14 Fig. 15-17
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Step 5 Formalize Solution

• What is involved in formalizing a solution?

• Programmer performs two activities
• Reviews program code
• Reviews documentation

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Step 6 Maintain Programs

• What is involved in maintaining programs?

• Two activities
• Identify errors
• Identify enhancements
• Involves modifying existing programs to improve
  their functionality

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Categories of Programming Languages

• What are the categories of programming languages?

Click to viewanimation
Click to view video
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Categories of Programming Languages

• What are low- and high-level programming
  languages?

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Categories of Programming Languages

• What is machine language?

• Only language computer understands directly

Click to viewanimation
p.15.16 Fig. 15-18
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Categories of Programming Languages

• What is assembly language?

• Instructions madeup of symbolic instruction
  codes

p.15.16 Fig. 15-19
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Categories of Programming Languages

• What is a third-generation language (3GL)?

• Uses a series of English-like words to write
  instructions
• Procedural language
• Requires program instructions to tell computer
  what to accomplish and how to do it

Click to viewanimation
p.15.18 Fig. 15-20
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Categories of Programming Languages

• What is a compiler?

• Program that converts entire source program into
  machine language before executing it

p.15.18 Fig. 15-20
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Categories of Programming Languages

• What is an interpreter?

• Program that translates and executes one program
  code statement at a time
• Does not produce an object program

p.15.18 Fig. 15-21
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Categories of Programming Languages

• What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)?

• Syntax is closer to human language than that of a
  3GL
• SQL and report generator are examples

• Nonprocedural language
• Programmer specifies only what the program should
  accomplish it does not explain how

p.15.19 Fig. 15-22
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Categories of Programming Languages

• What is a fifth-generation language (5GL) ?

• Provides visual or graphical interface for
  creating source code
• Visual Basic.NET is an example

p.15.20 Fig. 15-25
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Object-Oriented Program Development

• What is the object-oriented (OO) approach?

• Programmer can package data and program (or
  procedure) into a single unit, called an object
• Class is larger category of objects

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Object-Oriented Program Development

• What is an object-oriented programming (OOP)
  language?

• Language that uses the OO approach
• OOP is event-driven
• Checks for and responds to set of events
• C is complete object-oriented language

Click to view Web Link then click Object-Oriented
Programming Languages
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Programming Languages

• What are the most widely used programming
  languages?

• Hundreds of programming languages exist

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Programming Languages

• What is BASIC?

• Designed for use as a simple, interactive
  problem-solving language
• Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

p.15.22 Fig. 15-24
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Programming Languages

• What is Visual Basic?

• Windows-based application that assists
  programmers in developing event-driven
  Windows-based applications

Click to view Web Link then click Visual Basic
p.15.22 Fig. 15-25
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Programming Languages

• What is COBOL?

• Procedural language with English-like statements
  that make it easy to read, write, and maintain
• CommonBusiness-OrientedLanguage
• 70 billionlines ofcode exist

p.15.24 Fig. 15-26
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Programming Languages

• What is C?

• Powerful language designed primarily to write
  system software

p.15.25 Fig. 15-27
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Programming Languages

• What is C?

• Object-oriented programming language
• Includes all elements of C language, plus
  additional features for working with
  object-oriented concepts

Click to view Web Link then click C
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Programming Languages

• What is RPG?

• Easy-to-write nonprocedural language used
  primarily in small businesses
• Report Program Generator

p.15.26 Fig. 15-28
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Program Development Tools

• What are program development tools?

• User-friendly software products designed to help
  both program developers and nontechnical users
  create solutions to information requirements

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Program Development Tools

• What is Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)?

• Used to write own macros in Word, Excel, Access,
  and PowerPoint
• Use objects, classes, and other object-oriented
  concepts

Macro dialog box in Excel window guiding user
through the data entry process
p.15.28 Fig. 15-31
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Web Page Program Development

• What Web page development tools are available?

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Web Page Program Development

• How does HTML code look?

p.15.31 Fig. 15-33
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Web Page Program Development

• How are special effects and forms added to a Web
  page?

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Web Page Program Development

• What is the common gateway interface (CGI)?

• Communications standard that defines how Web
  server communicates with clients

Click to view Web Link then click CGI Programs
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Web Page Program Development

• What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)?

• Allows you to include more graphical interest and
  interactivity on Web page

Click to view Web Link then click Dynamic HTML
p.15.36 Fig. 15-39
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Web Page Program Development

• What are XML, XHTML, and WML?

Click to view Web Link then click WML
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Web Page Program Development

• What is the .NET Platform?

• Environment for developing and running
  applications
• Allows for creation and running of Web services

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Web Page Program Development

• What is Web page authoring software?

• Creates sophisticated Web pages using a tool that
  is much easier to use than HTML
• Generates HTML

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Multimedia Program Development

• What is multimedia authoring software?

• Combines text, graphics, animation, audio, and
  video into interactive presentation
• Also called authorware

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Multimedia Program Development

• How is multimedia authoring software used?

• Creates computer-based training (CBT)
• CBT software called courseware
• Distance learning, distance education, or online
  learning

p.15.38 Fig. 15-40
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Selecting a Programming Language or Program
Development Tool

• What factors should be considered in selecting a
  programming language?

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Chapter 15 Complete