Intelligence

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Intelligence
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Definition of Intelligence

• Hypothetical construct
• Combination of skills
• Engage in goal-directed adaptive behavior
• Think rationally
• Deal effectively with environment

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Experts vs Lay People

• Experts -- individual adaptation
• Learn from experience
• Adapt to environment
• Lay People -- social interactions
• Social competence

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Culturally-Bound Concept

• Skills necessary for success in a given culture
• Skills vary from culture to culture
• Skills may vary within a culture (subcultures)
• Skills vary over time

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Historical Overview

• Sir Francis Galton (1822 - 1911)
• Genetics/eugenics
• Physical/sensory measurements
• Statistical techniques
• James McKeen Cattell (1860 - 1944)
• Non-usefulness of Galtons measures

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• Alfred Binet (1857 - 1911)
• Identify children who could not profit from
  normal public school instruction
• Mental Age
• If majority of children of a given age can
  complete a task, the task requires that mental age

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• Felix, MA 8, CA 8, MA/CA 8/8 1
• Xena, MA 10, CA 8, 10/8 1.25
• Boris, MA 6, CA 8, 6/8 0.75

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• William Stern (1871 - 1938)
• IQ MA/CA x 100
• Henry Goddard (1866 - 1957)
• Inadvertently discovered that MA does increase
  after mid-adolescence
• Oscar, MA 16, CA 16, IQ 100
• MA 16, CA 32, IQ 50

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• Lewis Terman (1877 - 1956)
• Stanford Binet
• Study of giftedness
• Robert Yerkes (1876 - 1956)
• Group testing, WWI

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• David Wechsler (1896 - 1981)
• Deviation IQ
• Verbal Scale IQ
• Performance Scale IQ
• Full Scale IQ
• WAIS-R, WISC-III, WPPSI-R

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Intelligence Tests

• Aptitude
• What a person can accomplish with training
• Achievement
• What a person knows

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Requirements of Intelligence Tests

• Reliability
• Validity
• Standardization
• Norms

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Wechsler Scales

• Verbal
• Information
• Comprehension
• Arithmetic
• Similarities
• Vocabulary
• Digit Span

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• Performance
• Picture Completion
• Picture Arrangement
• Block Design
• Object Assembly
• Digit Symbol

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Distribution of Intelligence
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Theories of Intelligence

• Psychometric Models
• Computational Models
• Biological Models
• Systems Models

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Psychometric Models

• Charles Spearman (1863 - 1945)
• Two-Factor Theory
• g general factor
• s specific factor

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• Louis Thurstone (1887 - 1955)
• Seven Primary Mental Abilities

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• Memory
• Numerical Ability
• Perceptual Speed
• Reasoning
• Spatial Ability
• Verbal Meaning
• Word Fluency

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• Horn-Cattells Two-Factor Theory
• Fluid
• Crystallized

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• Fluid
• Memory, speed of processing
• Increases during adulthood
• Declines during old ages

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• Crystallized
• Fund of information
• Increases throughout lifespan

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• Structure of Intellect
• J. P. Guilford
• Operations
• Products
• Contents

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Computational Models

• Lexical-Access Speed
• Componential Theory

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Biological Models

• Speed of processing
• Electrical - speed of conduction of neural
  impulses
• Metabolic

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Systems Models

• Multiple Intelligences
• Howard Gardner

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• Linguistic
• Logical-Mathematical
• Spatial
• Musical
• Bodily-Kinesthetic
• Intrapersonal
• Interpersonal

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• Triarchic Theory
• Robert Sternberg
• Componential
• Experiential
• Contextual

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Determinants of Intelligence

• 50 genetic
• 50 environmental
• Genes set limits
• Environment determines actual level
• Reaction range 30 - 40 points
• Malleable, rather than fixed

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Preschool Environment

• Verbal responsivity
• Caregivers involvement with child
• Avoidance of restriction
• Organization of schedule
• Access to materials
• Variety

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Later Development

• Positive Effects
• Further education
• Cognitive exercising
• Negative Effects
• Drinking
• Drug usage