Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices

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Hardware Input, Processing, and Output Devices

• Chapter 3

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Chapter 3 Outline

• Computer Systems Integrating the Power of
  Technology
• Processing and Memory Devices Power, Speed and
  Capacity
• memory characteristics and functions
• Secondary Storage
• Input and Output Devices The Gateway to Computer
  Systems
• Computer System Types, Standards, Selecting and
  Upgrading

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Computer Systems Integrating the Power of
Technology
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Hardware Components

• 1. Processor (CPU)
• 2. Memory (primary storage)
• 3. Secondary storage
• 4. Input devices
• 5. Output devices
• 6. Communications devices

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How A Computer Thinks The Processor

• Step 1 Fetch instruction
• Step 2 Decode instruction
• Step 3 Execute the instruction
• Step 4 Store results

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Processing Memory Devices
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Processing Characteristics and Functions

• Machine cycle time is measured in
• Microseconds (1 millionth)
• Nanoseconds (1 billionth)
• Picoseconds (1 trillionth)
• MIPS (Millions of Instructions Processed per
  Second)
• Clock speed electronic pulses affecting machine
  cycle time
• Hertz one cycle (pulse) per second
• Megahertz (MHz) millions of cycles per second
• Microcode internal, predefined elementary
  operations in a CPU

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Clock Speed
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Wordlength and Bus Line Width

• Bits (Binary Digits) smallest form of data in a
  computer
• Wordlength number of bits that can be processed
  together as a unit. Equal to the size of the
  processors registers.
• Bus lines electrical circuits used as central
  paths for data flow.
• Bus line width number of lanes on the bus
  available for carrying data. Should match word
  size.

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Physical Characteristics of the CPU

• Superconductivity - property of certain metals
  that allows current to flow with minimal
  electrical resistance
• Optical processors - uses light waves instead of
  electrical current

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History of Computing Eniac 5

• Built during WWII The first electronic computer
• Used huge numbers of vacuum tubes.
• These often broke down and had to be replaced.
• The term computer bug comes from the fact that
  moths would sometimes get into the vacuum tube
  arrays and be the source of some of the tubes
  breaking down.

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Semiconductors or Solid State Electronics

• Using these, Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain
  (1947) created the first solid state
  transistor, essentially an electronically
  controlled switch,
• Made using semiconductors but much more durable
  than a vacuum tube.
• The 2nd generation of computers were the first to
  use solid state technology.
• Their Central Processing Units (CPUs) were built
  on large scale circuit boards.

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Integrated Circuits

• In 1958, Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments created
  the first Integrate Circuit, shrinking the size
  of the semiconductor transistors.
• Integrated circuits (ICs) make possible the
  creation of complex circuits on a single chip.
• The first IC-based microprocessors (CPU on a
  chip) were manufactured around 1970.
• This led to the creation of the microcomputer.

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Moores Law

• Intels first microprocessor, the 4004, was
  manufactured in 1971, had 4 bit words and 1
  kilobyte of primary memory.
• The miniaturization of the integration circuits
  has continued at a rapid, more or less
  predictable pace since the 1960s.
• Intels Gordon Moore, seeing this trend, used it
  to predict the no. of possible transistors on a
  chip and/or trends in processing power.
• IC technology will eventually be replaced by some
  other technology, but should continue for about
  10 years.

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Moores Law
Moores Law - transistor density/processing power
on an integrate circuit doubles every 18 months
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CISC and RISC

• Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) - places
  as many microcode instructions into the central
  processor as possible
• Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) -
  involves reducing the number of microcode
  instructions built into a chip to an essential
  set of common microcode instructions

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memory characteristics and functions
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Storage Capacity
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Memory Types

• Random Access Memory (RAM) Types
• EDO (Extended Data Out)
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
• SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
• Read Only Memory (ROM) Types
• ROM
• PROM (programmable ROM)
• EPROM (erasable programmable ROM)

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Cache Memory
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Multiprocessing

• Speeds processing by linking hundreds and even
  thousands of processors to operate at the same
  time
• Can coordinate large amounts of data and access
  them with greater speed

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Massively Parallel Processing
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Secondary Storage
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Secondary Storage

• Offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater
  capacity, and greater economy
• Access methods, storage capacities, and
  portability required are determined by the
  information systems objectives

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Secondary Storage
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Access Methods

• Sequential records must be retrieved in order
• Devices used are called sequential access storage
  devices (SASD)
• Direct records can be retrieved in any order
• Devices used are called direct access storage
  devices (DASDs)

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Storage Devices

• Magnetic tapes
• Magnetic disks
• RAID
• Storage area networks (SAN)
• Optical disks
• Magneto-optical (MO) disks
• Digital versatile disks (DVDs)

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Magnetic Disks
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Storage Area Network
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Digital Versatile Disk
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Additional Devices and Media

• Memory cards
• Flash memory
• Expandable storage

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Expandable Storage
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Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices
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Characteristics and Functionality

• Data - can be human or machine readable
• Data entry - converts human readable data into
  machine-readable form
• Data input - transfers machine-readable data into
  the system
• Source data automation - capturing and editing
  data at its source

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Input and Output Devices
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Input Devices

• Personal computer input devices
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Voice-recognition devices
• Digital cameras
• Terminals

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Digital Computer Cameras
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Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Device
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Output Devices

• Display monitors
• Printers and plotters
• Music devices
• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
• Active matrix
• Passive matrix

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Printers
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Computer System Types, Standards, Selecting, and
Upgrading
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Computer System Types
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Computer System Types
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Standards
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Standards
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Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems

• Hard drive considerations
• Main memory considerations
• Printer considerations

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Example of Price Lists
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Summary

• Hardware - includes any machinery that assists
  with the input, processing, and output activities
  of a CBIS
• Processing speed - often measured by the time it
  takes to complete one machine cycle
• Primary storage (memory) - provides working
  storage for program instructions and data
• Common forms of secondary storage - magnetic
  tape, magnetic disk, compact disk, digital video
  disk, and optical disk storage

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Principles and Learning Objectives

• Assembling an effective, efficient computer
  system requires an understanding of its
  relationship to the information system and the
  organization. The computer system objectives are
  subordinate to, but supportive of, the
  information system and the needs of the
  organization.
• DESCRIBE HOW TO SELECT AND ORGANIZE COMPUTER
  SYSTEM COMPONENTS TO SUPPORT INFORMATION SYSTEM
  OBJECTIVES AND BUSINESS ORGANIZATION NEEDS

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Principles and Learning Objectives

• When selecting computer devices, you also must
  consider the current and future needs of the
  information system and the organization. The
  computer system objectives are subordinate to,
  but supportive of, the information system and the
  needs of the organization.
• DESCRIBE THE POWER, SPEED, AND CAPACITY OF
  CENTRAL PROCESSING AND MEMORY DEVICES.
• DESCRIBE THE ACCESS METHODS, CAPACITY, AND
  PORTABILITY OF SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES.
• DISCUSS THE SPEED, FUNCTIONALITY, AND IMPORTANCE
  OF INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES.
• IDENTIFY POPULAR CLASSES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND
  DISCUSS THE ROLE OF EACH.

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End of Chapter 3