Holy Wars

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Holy Wars?
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Context

• Arab control of Jerusalem in 638
• Great Schism 1054
• Mutual Excommunication
• Seljuk Turks--loss of Jerusalem c. 1071
• Plea from Alexius I Comnenus

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Council of Clermont
1095 Pope Urban II End Great Schism End
aristocratic warfare
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For Europeans--Why go???

• Feudal obligations
• Family solidarity
• Wealth
• Salvation
• Penance
• Purgatory
• Indulgences
• Plenary Indulgences

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The Peoples Crusade

• First wave
• Peter the Hermit
• Participants
• Journey
• Reception
• Massacre

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General Reactions

• 100,000 volunteers
• Pilgrims move north--Rhine Valley
• Massacre of Jewish populations
• Financial resources and Millenarianism

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The First (or) Barons Crusade

• Meeting in Constantinople
• Aug. 1096
• Problems with Alexius
• Problem of the Westerners

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Crusader States

• Edessa
• Antioch
• Tripoli
• Jerusalem

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Usamah

• Problems with the Franks
• Good traits of the Franks?

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Jihad

• Struggle in the path of God
• or
• Holy War?

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• Defensive Duty of self-defense against hostile
  forces
• Offensive to strive to create an ideal public
  order
• fighting the hostile unbelievers "until there is
  no persecution and the religion be only for God"
• (K. 2191).
• Dr. Abdulaziz Sachedina of the University of
  Virginia

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The Second Crusade

• Edessa retaken by Muslims 1144
• 1147-1149largest army
• Frederick Barbarossa
• Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Shipwreck and other problems
• Raymond of Antioch

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Salah al-Din

• Kurdish general
• Ayyubid dynasty
• 1171 in Cairo

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Salah al-Din orSaladin Retakes Jerusalem in
1187
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Capturing the city

• Ransom of Jews and western Christians
• Eastern Christians
• Latin church leaders
• Non-interference and guarded exodus

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Richard the Lionheart
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The Truce
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Eleanor of Aquitaine d. 1204

• Chivalry and the troubadours

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Incidents in subsequent crusades

• 4th CrusadeConstantinople
• 7th CrusadeLouis IX of France at Damietta