Independence Denied:

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Independence Denied

• Sykes -Picot Agreement of 1916
• Balfour Declaration
• Creation of Iraq

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Creation of Iraq

• 1915-1932, British Mandate
• 1932 British install Hashemite Monarchy
• 1958 Revolutionary Coup overthrows Monarchy and
  establishes a republic, new government moves to
  nationalize oil, legalizes Communist party and
  establishes friendly relations with the Soviet
  Union

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Creation of Iraq

• 1963 US backed coup overthrows new government and
  installs pro-US government
• 1968 Pan-Arab Socialist Baath Party takes power
  with possible backing of US government
• 1979 Saddam Hussein consolidates power and
  becomes Iraqi President

4
Creation of Israel

• Ancient Kingdom, Conquered by Rome. Jerusalem
  Sacked by Romans AD 63.
• AD 150 Jews driven from Palestine/Israel
• 1880s Zionism some return to buy land and settle
• 1920 Post-WWI Palestine is British Mandate area
• Balfour Declaration
• 1920s Arab opposition
• 1947 British Planned Withdrawal
• 1948 UN Partition Plan for Jewish State
• 1948 State of Israel created
• War, Israel triumphs about one million Arabs are
  dislocated
• 1956 Suez War Israeli, French and British Joint
  Attack
• 1967 Six Day War

5
1967 War and the Israeli Occupation
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Israeli Military Checkpoint, West Bank
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Mohammed Al Durrah 12 years old

• Incident
• Accident
• Tragedy
• Mistake
• Cycle of Violence

State Terrorism War Crime Murder Atrocity Barbari
sm
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Iconic Images for the Arab World

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vmOlzvhx9qOw

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Post WW-II

• Rise of the Baathist Party
• Pan-Arabism

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Major Conflicts Post-WWII
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Iran and the Islamic Revolution

• US role in Iran
• Shah Rezi

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IranianRevolution

• 1941 Shah takes power
• 1944 Shah ousted from power by elected Prime
  Minister, Mossadegh. Mossadegh, nationalizes oil
  and sets about social reforms
• 1953 In a joint covert operation by the British
  and US Intelligence Agencies Code named Ajax,
  Mossadegh is overthrown and the Shah is returned
  to power. British and American control of Oil
  resources is restored.
• 1960s and 70s Increasing westernization of
  Iran. Extreme corruption of government.
  Increased national wealth but with extreme income
  gap between rich and poor. Extreme repression,
  death squads against left wing, socialist,
  communists, Islamic leaders. One major Islamic
  opposition leader, Khomeini 1970s 2,500 party
  120 USD million with one ton of caviar.

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• 1978 libelous article against Khomeini excites
  street protests. Brutally put down and leads to
  revolution.
• 1980 Failed Nojeh Coup coordinated by US National
  Security Advisor, Jordans King Hussein to be
  carried out by Saddam Hussein
• Following failure of coup, Iraq, with support of
  United States invades Iran planning to crush the
  newly formed Islamic Revolutionary State.

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Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988

• Oil
• Culture
• Military
• Costs
• (Iran Air 655)

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Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait

• Oil Price
• OPEC Pro-west Kuwait Saudi Arabia
• Territory
• Historic Claims
• Oil Field/Exploitation Disputes