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LATIN AMERICA
Geography
History and Culture
Today
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Geography
Terms Names
Maps Graphics
Main Ideas
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Geography
Here are some Terms Names you should know
Brasilia deforestation El Niño oasis
São Paulo tributaries tropical zone West Indies
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Geography
Physical map of Latin America
The Tropical Zone
M A P
M A P
Political Map of Central America the Caribbean,
2001
Political map of Latin America
M A P
M A P
Languages of Latin America
M A P
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Geography
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps and
Visuals
Latin America Physical
M A P
1. Location The Isthmus of Panama separates
what two bodies of water?
Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean.
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Geography
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps and
Visuals
Latin America Political
M A P
1. Location Which countries have no coastline?
Bolivia, Paraguay.
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Geography
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps and
Visuals
Languages of Latin America
M A P
1. Region What language do most people in
Brazil speak?
Portuguese.
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Geography
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting a Map
The Tropical Zone
M A P
1. Location Which South American countries
are in the tropical zone?
Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, and parts of Chile and
Paraguay.
2. Region Where does the Equator fall within
the tropical zone?
In the center.
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Geography
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting a Map
Political Map Central America the Caribbean
in 2001
1. Location Which two nations are located on
the same island?
M A P
Haiti and the Dominican Republic on the island of
Hispaniola.
2. Region Which Central American nations
border Mexico?
Belize and Guatemala.
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Geography
Latin Americas landforms, bodies of water, and
climate offer a wide range of environments and
resources.
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Geography
1. What are the key physical features of each
country or region?
mountains plateaus plains
mountains rain forests
volcanoes coral reefs
Andes Mountains Amazon River
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History and Culture
Terms Names
Maps Graphics
Main Ideas
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History and Culture
Here are some Terms Names you should know
Benito Juárez chinampas Columbian
Exchange criollos Diego Rivera Father Miguel
Hidalgo
mestizo Montezuma Simón Bolívar Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo Quechua
fiesta Hacienda Hernán Cortés hieroglyph José
Rafael Carrera Machu Picchu
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History and Culture
Mexican Territory Lost to the United States as of
1853
M A P
European Colonizers of South America, 1500s
M A P
Key Independence Days in South America
G R A P H
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History and Culture
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting a Map
Mexican Territory Lost to the United States, 1853
M A P
1. Location What river formed the new border
between Mexico and the Texan Territory?
Rio Grande.
2. Region About how many U.S. states were
eventually formed from what had been Mexican
territory?
Seven, and small parts of others.
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History and Culture
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting a Map
European Colonizers of South America, 1500s
M A P
1. Location What countries, other than Spain
and Portugal, established colonies in South
America?
Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands.
2. Region Which country controlled the
greatest area of South America?
Spain.
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History and Culture
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Reading a Time Line
Key Independence days in South America
G R A P H
1. For each country on the time line, what event
occurred on the date given?
The country gained independence.
2. On what day did Brazil achieve independence?
September 7, 1822.
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History and Culture
The ancient cultures of Latin America established
civilizations that lived in challenging
geographic settings.
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History and Culture
1. How did the Maya, Aztec, and Inca develop
agricultural methods that responded to the
environments in which they each lived?
THINK ABOUT
physical surrounding
available resources
The Maya used slash-and-burn farming to best
utilize the forest. The Aztec built floating
gardens. The Inca built terraces so they could
farm on mountain slopes.
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History and Culture
Modern Mexico arose from conflict and cooperation
among Native American, African, and Spanish
Mexicans.
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History and Culture
2. What were the five social groups that made up
New Spain and how would you describe each?
Spanish officials, ruling class
Peninsulares
Born, Mexico Spanish parents
Criollos
European Native American ancestry
Mestizos
Enslaved by Europeans
Africans
Lowest level of society
Native American
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History and Culture
Through periods of reform and revolution, Mexico
struggled to establish a strong democratic
national government.
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History and Culture
3. How did different groups view the need for
reform and change in Mexico during the years
from 1850 to 1940?
THINK ABOUT
Juárez and the reformers
Madero and his supporters
the owners of the haciendas
Zapata and the small farmers
Groups had opposing views concerning equality,
land ownership, and the need for reform.
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History and Culture
Central America and the Caribbean Islands have
struggled to become independent nations with
democratic governments.
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History and Culture
4. Why have some countries in Central America and
the Caribbean had trouble establishing
democracies?
THINK ABOUT
the regions history of being controlled by
other countries and dictatorships
the powers and resources of dictators
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History and Culture
After 300 years of rule by Spain and Portugal,
South Americans won independence and established
their own nations.
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History and Culture
5. What challenges do you think South Americans
faced in their fights for independence?
THINK ABOUT
differences in wealth between the colonial
rulers and the general population
who held political power
living conditions
Most people were poor and uneducated, with little
power, while colonial rulers had political and
military strengths.
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Today
Terms Names
Maps Graphics
Main Ideas
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Today
Here are some Terms Names you should know
communism dependency dictator diversify Fidel
Castro free-trade zone
guerrilla warfare pan-American PEMEX single-produc
t economy urbanization
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Today
The Effects of Deforestation
Panama Canal
M A P
M A P
South American Agriculture, 2001
Mexicos 31 States
M A P
M A P
Mexican Products, 2000
M A P
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Today
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting a Map
The Effects of Deforestation
M A P
1. Region In 2000, was South Americas rain
forest larger or smaller than the original
forest?
Smaller.
2. Region Was there any rain forest in the
southern parts of South America in 2000?
A small area on Atlantic coast.
3. Location In what region of South America
did the largest area of rain forest still
exist in 2000?
Amazon Basin (Brazil).
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Today
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting a Map
Mexicos 31 States
M A P
1. Location Which Mexican states border the
United States?
Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila,
Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas.
2. Region Which two states form a peninsula
on the Pacific coast?
Baja California, Baja California Sur.
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Today
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting a Map
Mexico Products, 2000
M A P
1. Location In what region of Mexico is oil
produced?
Southern region, or Gulf coast.
2. Region What resource is found all over
Mexico?
Cattle, other minerals.
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Today
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting a Map
Panama Canal
M A P
1. Location What city is associated with the
Panama Canal?
Panama City.
2. Region Why is it advantageous for ships to
use the Panama Canal?
Ships avoid traveling an extra 2-8,000 miles,
depending on where they start and end.
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Today
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting a Map
South American Agriculture
M A P
1. Place What agricultural products are found
in southern South America.
Sheep, wheat, cattle, corn, timber.
2. Region Name an agricultural product that is
produced in many parts of South America.
Sugar cane, cattle, sheep, timber.
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Today
In the mid-1900s, the basis of Mexicos economy
changed from farming to industry and tourism.
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Today
1. What are four important parts of Mexicos
economy?
Farming
one-fourth of workers are farmers
Industry
1990s government privatized business
Mining
oil is a major resource
Tourism
second largest business
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Today
Modern Mexican culture reflects a blending of
Native American and Spanish heritages, as well as
many new elements.
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Today
2. What three traditions mix in Mexicos culture
today?
Native American, Spanish , and modern Mexican
cultures mix.
3. Why is Mexico growing so rapidly? What are the
effects of that growth?
It is growing due to education and employment.
Effects include problems with traffic and
pollution.
4. What are some of Mexicos holidays?
Independence Day features fireworks and music.
Families honor the dead on Day of the Dead.
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Today
The economies and cultures of this region reflect
both the colonial past and efforts to modernize.
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Today
5. What are some of the ways in which sugar
production has affected the lives of
Caribbean people?
It increased demand for enslaved workers, created
a single-product economy, and made people
dependent on imports.
6. How have Central American countries
diversified their economies?
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Today
7. How do the religions in Central America and
the Caribbean reflect the regions histories?
The religions reflect colonial powers
(Catholicism), slavery (African religions), and
ancient Native American beliefs.
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Today
After Cuba became independent, the country was
ruled by a series of dictators. Since 1959,
revolutionary leader Fidel Castro has ruled the
nation.
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Today
8. What stages has Cubas government gone
through?
Fight for independence
Castros revolution
Castro as dictator
Dictator
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Today
The establishment of a stable government in
Guatemala has been a struggle, causing much
suffering along the way.
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Today
9. What are some of the important events in
Guatemalas history?
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Today
While South Americas countries work to overcome
challenges to their economies, the cultures
flourish.
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Today
10. What six factors have influenced South
Americas economic progress?
transportation barriers
free-trade zone
mineral resources
lack of money
agricultural products
transportation corridors
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Today
As the largest country in South America, Brazil
has achieved economic success while facing
challenges such as unemployment.
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Today
11. Why do you think Brazils economy is the
most successful in South America?
THINK ABOUT
the governments role in the economy
natural resources
population size
The government actively manages industries to
encourage growth there are vast lands with many
natural resources, and there is a large labor
pool.
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Today
Perus physical features and its unstable
governments have posed challenges to the
development of its economy and its people.
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Today
12. What are the three types of landforms in Peru?
Mountains, rain forest, and desert.
13. What are the challenges faced by Perus
economy?
Peru cannot produce enough food for its citizens.
Mineral deposits are located in places too
difficult to mine.
14. Which group makes up the largest part of
Perus population?
Native Americans, descendents of the Inca.
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