LG105

1
LG105

• Word Structure

2
Simple words vs. complex words

• Examples of simple words
• Nouns dog man
• Verbs walk run
• Adjectives big bad
• Function words if the to not

3

• Morphologically complex words
• Plural dog dogs man men
• Past walk walked run ran (go went)
• Comparatives green greener bad worse

4
Morphological complexity

• Several components
• dog s
• walk ed
• green er

5
Morphological complexity

• several meanings combined in one form
• man men MAN plural
• run ran RUN past tense
• bad worse BAD more (comparative)

6
Morphological complexity

• several meanings combined in one form
• man men MAN plural
• run ran RUN past tense
• bad worse BAD more (comparative)

7
Morphological complexity

• several meanings combined in one form
• man men MAN plural
• run ran RUN past tense
• bad worse BAD more (comparative)

8
Morphological complexity

• several meanings combined in one form
• man men MAN plural
• run ran RUN past tense
• bad worse BAD more (comparative)

9
Morphological complexity

• several meanings combined in one form
• man men MAN plural
• run ran RUN past tense
• bad worse BAD more (comparative)

10
Morphological complexity

• several meanings combined in one form
• man men MAN plural
• run ran RUN past tense
• bad worse BAD more (comparative)

11
Morphological complexity

• several meanings combined in one form
• man men MAN plural
• run ran RUN past tense
• bad worse BAD more (comparative)

12
Morphological complexity

• several meanings combined in one form
• man men MAN plural
• run ran RUN past tense
• bad worse BAD more (comparative)

13
Morphological complexity

• several meanings combined in one form
• man men MAN plural
• run ran RUN past tense
• bad worse BAD more (comparative)

14
Morphological complexity

• several meanings combined in one form
• man men MAN plural
• run ran RUN past tense
• bad worse BAD more (comparative)

15
Creating new words from old

• print (Verb)
• print er Noun
• re print Verb
• print able Adjective
• un print able Adjective

16
The lexeme concept and lexical entries

• Two word forms of one lexeme
• a. cat
• b. cats
• One word form each of two lexemes
• a. cat
• b. dog

17
Lexical entries

• Lexical entry of a lexeme specification of
• form/pronunciation/spelling of the various word
  forms of the lexeme
• how word forms of the lexeme combine with other
  words to form phrases
• meaning (the concept the lexeme denotes)

18
Structure of lexical entries

• FORM
• SYNTAX
• SEMANTICS

19
Examples of lexical entriesCAT

• FORM /kat/ (root)
• SYNTAX Noun
• SEMANTICS furry quadruped that
  purrs/miaows

20
Examples of lexical entriesDOG

• FORM /d?g/
• SYNTAX Noun
• SEMANTICS hairy quadruped that barks

21
Examples of lexical entriesSHEEP

• FORM /?i?p/
• NUMBER Plural /?i?p/
• SYNTAX Noun
• SEMANTICS woolly quadruped that
  baas

22
Examples of lexical entriesWALK

• FORM /w??k/
• SYNTAX Verb
• SEMANTICS displace oneself with striding
  motion

23
Examples of lexical entriesBRING

• FORM /br??/TENSE Past /br??t/
• SYNTAX Verb
• SEMANTICS carry something towards the
  speaker

24
Inflection and derivation

• Lexical relatedness

25
Derivation

• Creation of new lexemes
• print, Verb to create image by
  impressing ink
• printer, Noun person or instrument that
  prints
• print er ? printer

26

• x PRINT y ?
• PERSON/INSTRUMENT, x, such that x PRINT y
• (person/instrument that prints)

27
Derivation in English
28
Derivation in English
29
Derivation in English
30
Derivation in English
31

• printer ? thing/person which prints
• PRINT THING/PERSON WHICH VERBS
• print er

32

• boyhood ? state of being a boy
• BOY STATE OF BEING
• boy hood

33
Inflection

• Creation of word forms of a single lexeme
• Nouns Singular/Plural
• Verbs print vs. sing vs. take

34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
(No Transcript)
41
(No Transcript)
42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)
46
(No Transcript)
47
(No Transcript)
48
(No Transcript)
49
(No Transcript)
50
Examples

• They print/sing/take
• She prints/sings/takes
• He is printing/singing/taking
• We printed/sang/took
• Harriet has printed/sung/taken
• It was printed/sung/taken (by Harriet

51
(No Transcript)
52
(No Transcript)
53
(No Transcript)
54
(No Transcript)
55
(No Transcript)
56
(No Transcript)
57
The meaning of word

• CAT DOG
• two distinct lexemes
• cat cats
• two distinct word forms
• Singular of CAT vs. Plural of CAT

58
But

• the word form sheep
• Singular of SHEEP
• and
• Plural of SHEEP

59
Likewise

• sang sung
• two distinct word forms
• Past tense of SING vs. Past participle of
  SING
• printed
• Past tense of PRINT and Past participle of
  PRINT

60
Morphological operations in English

• Affixation

61

• prefix root suffix

62

• prefix root suffix

63

• prefix root suffix

64

• prefix root suffix

65

• prefix root suffix

66

• prefix root suffix

67

• Root most basic component of word
• Stem form to which inflectional affix is
  added
• print-s, re-print-s, re-de-privat-ize-s

68

• Base form to which derivational affix is added
• de-cipher
• de-cipher-able
• in-de-cipher-able

69

• Base form to which derivational affix is added
• de-cipher
• de-cipher-able
• in-de-cipher-able

70

• Base form to which derivational affix is added
• de-cipher
• de-cipher-able
• in-de-cipher-able

71

• Base form to which derivational affix is added
• de-cipher
• de-cipher-able
• in-de-cipher-able

72

• Base form to which derivational affix is added
• de-cipher
• de-cipher-able
• in-de-cipher-able

73

• Base form to which derivational affix is added
• de-cipher
• de-cipher-able
• in-de-cipher-able

74
Ablaut (vowel change)

• man men
• sing sang sung (song)
• break broke broken

75
Consonant changes

• knife knives
• bath (ba?) bathe (be?ð)

76
Stress shift

• V N
• permít ? pérmit
• contrást ? cóntrast
• recórd ? récord
• transpórt ? tránsport

77
Stress shift

• V N
• permít ? pérmit
• contrást ? cóntrast
• recórd ? récord
• transpórt ? tránsport

78
Stress shift

• V N
• permít ? pérmit
• contrást ? cóntrast
• recórd ? récord
• transpórt ? tránsport

79
Stress shift

• V N
• permít ? pérmit
• contrást ? cóntrast
• recórd ? récord
• transpórt ? tránsport

80
Stress shift

• V N
• permít ? pérmit
• contrást ? cóntrast
• recórd ? récord
• transpórt ? tránsport

81
Stress shift

• V N
• permít ? pérmit
• contrást ? cóntrast
• recórd ? récord
• transpórt ? tránsport

82
Stress shift

• V N
• permít ? pérmit
• contrást ? cóntrast
• recórd ? récord
• transpórt ? tránsport

83
Stress shift

• V N
• permít ? pérmit
• contrást ? cóntrast
• recórd ? récord
• transpórt ? tránsport

84
Conversion (no operation)

• paper (N) ? to paper the ceiling N
• dry (Adj) ? to dry the dishes V
• walk (V) ? (go for) a walk N
• green (Adj) ? (support/eat) the greens N