LG105

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LG105

• Word Structure

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Morphemes and allomorphy

• Morpheme-
• usually defined as the smallest (indivisible)
  unit of meaning
• Morphemes dont always have recognizable meanings
• Morphemes are the units out of which words are
  built

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Allomorphy

• Morphemes can often be identified by the
  changes in shape (pronunciation) they undergo in
  different contexts
• cats /kats/
• dogs /d?gz/
• horses /h??s?z/
• Plural ending -s has three
  forms/pronunciations depending on the
  phonological shape of the stem it attaches
  to /s/, /z/, /?z/

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• These are allomorphs of a single morpheme
• Z
• s z ?z
• Cf. allophones of a phoneme
• /p/
• p ph

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• Further examples of allomorphy
• in - de - cipher - able ?bl
• in - de - cipher - abil -ity ?b?l
• ABLE
• ?bl ?b?l

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Stem/root allomorphy

• write written
• /ra?t/ /r?t?n/
• ra?t r?t- stems
• wife wives
• wa?f wa?v- stems

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Morphology and meaning

• Derivational morphology - each component
  (morpheme) has its own meaning
• PRINT THING WHICH VERBS
• print er
• AGAIN PRINT
• re print

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• However, with inflection things are not always so
  simple
• CAT PLURAL CAT SINGULAR??
• cat s cat ??

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• However, with inflection things are not always so
  simple
• CAT PLURAL CAT SINGULAR??
• cat s cat ??

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• However, with inflection things are not always so
  simple
• CAT PLURAL CAT SINGULAR
• cat s cat ??

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• WALK PAST WALK PRES/3Sg
• walk ed walk s
• WALK ??
• walk ??

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• WALK PAST WALK PRES/3Sg
• walk ed walk s
• WALK ??
• walk ??

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• MAN SINGULAR
• man ??
• MAN PLURAL
• m e n m
  n ??
• If we assume that /e/ is the PLURAL morpheme,
  what is the root of MAN?

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• MAN SINGULAR
• man ??
• MAN PLURAL
• m e n m
  n ??
• If we assume that /e/ is the PLURAL morpheme,
  what is the root of MAN?

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• MAN SINGULAR
• man ??
• MAN PLURAL
• m e n m
  n ??
• If we assume that /e/ is the PLURAL morpheme,
  what is the root of MAN?

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• MAN SINGULAR
• man ??
• MAN PLURAL
• m e n m
  n ??
• If we assume that /e/ is the PLURAL morpheme,
  what is the root of MAN?

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Inflectional paradigms

• Turkish noun inflections - agglutinating
  system
• Nouns inflect for Number (Singular, Plural)
  and for Case. (Cases indicate the role of the
  noun in the sentence (subject, object, of-N,
  to-N, at-N, from-N)

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(No Transcript)
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Inflecting system

• Latin Class I, porta gate, doorway
• Similar set of categories to Turkish, but Case
  and Number expressed simultaneously by a single
  affix

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(No Transcript)
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Inflectional classes in Latin

• Latin nouns have different endings depending
  on which arbitrary inflectional class they belong
  to (declension)
• Class IV, portus harbour

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(No Transcript)
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Comparison of two Latin nouns (singular forms)

• porta portus
• gate harbour
• Nominative port-a port-us
• Accusative port-am port-us
• Genitive port-ae port-us
• Dative port-ae port-ui
• Ablative port-a port-u

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• Differences between Class I/IV are arbitrary
  (part of morphological system, not predictable
  from meaning or phonology)
• Turkish has no such inflectional classes