LG105

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LG105

• Word structure

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Introduction to constituent structure

• Compounds

3

• N
• N N
• morphology lecture
• tea cup
• coffee table
• pen knife
• straw berry

4

• N
• N N
• morphology lecture
• tea cup
• coffee table
• pen knife
• straw berry

5

• N
• N N
• morphology lecture
• tea cup
• coffee table
• pen knife
• straw berry

6

• N
• N N
• morphology lecture
• tea cup
• coffee table
• pen knife
• straw berry

7

• N
• N N
• morphology lecture
• tea cup
• coffee table
• pen knife
• straw berry

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Recursion

• film society
• film society committee
• film society committee chairman
• film society committee chairman election
• film society committee chairman election date

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Constituent structure ambiguities

• toy car crusher
• a. device for crushing toy cars
• toy car crusher
• b. car crusher which is a toy
• toy car crusher

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a. crusher of toy cars

• N
• N N
• N N
• toy car crusher

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a. crusher of toy cars

• N
• N N
• N N
• toy car crusher

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a. crusher of toy cars

• N
• N N
• N N
• toy car crusher

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a. crusher of toy cars

• N
• N N
• N N
• toy car crusher

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a. crusher of toy cars

• N
• N N
• N N
• toy car crusher

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b. car crusher toy

• N
• N N
• N N
• toy car crusher

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b. car crusher toy

• N
• N N
• N N
• toy car crusher

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b. car crusher toy

• N
• N N
• N N
• toy car crusher

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b. car crusher toy

• N
• N N
• N N
• toy car crusher

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b. car crusher toy

• N
• N N
• N N
• toy car crusher

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labelled brackets

• a. device for crushing toy cars
• toy car crusher
• N N N toy N car N crusher
• b. car crusher which is a toy
• toy car crusher
• N N toy NN car N crusher

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• N
• N
• N N N
• toy car crusher
• N N N toy N car N crusher

22

• N
• N
• N N N
• toy car crusher
• N N N toy N car N crusher

23

• N
• N
• N N N
• toy car crusher
• N N N toy N car N crusher

24

• N
• N
• N N N
• toy car crusher
• N N toy NN car N crusher

25

• N
• N
• N N N
• toy car crusher
• N N toy NN car N crusher

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• N
• N
• N N N
• toy car crusher
• N N toy NN car N crusher

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Constituent structure and derivation

• Morphologically derived words lexemes can
  be thought of as having a constituent structure,
  similar to that of compounds.

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• indecipherability
• in - de - cipher - abil - ity
• in de cipher abil ity

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• 
  N
• A
• A
• V
• N
• in de cipher abil
  ity

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• 
  N
• A
• A
• V
• N
• in de cipher abil
  ity

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• 
  N
• A
• A
• V
• N
• in de cipher able
  ity

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• 
  N
• A
• A
• V
• N
• in de cipher able
  ity

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• 
  N
• A
• A
• V
• N
• in de cipher abil
  ity

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Clitics

• Harriets a linguist
• Subject Verb Predicate
• Harriet s a linguist
• Harriet is a linguist

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• What kind of linguistic object is the s of
  Harriets?
• Its a word (in fact the only verb in the
  sentence)
• Its part of the word (form) Harriets
• It cant be pronounced independently

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• But its not an affix because it can attach to a
  word form of any syntactic category
• The girl next doors a linguist
• That woman over theres a linguist

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• Such words are clitics
• These are independent words syntactically, but
  phonologically dependent on another word
  (immediately to their left or right)

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Types of clitic

• There are several different types of clitic in
  English
• Reduced auxiliary verbs
• possessive marker
• reduced forms of pronouns, prepositions etc.

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Reduced auxiliaries

• its it is/it has
• couldve could have
• shell she will/shall
• hed he had or
• he would
• wasnt was not
• couldntve could not have

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• In spoken English auxiliaries are always reduced
  (cliticized) unless they are accented/emphasized/f
  ocussed
• It HAS worked!
• She WILL help us!
• He was NOT at work!

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Possessive s

• Harriets hat
• Harriets friends hat
• the Queen of Englands hat
• the woman Harriet lives next door tos hat

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Possessive s

• s indicates possessor phrase
• cf the hat of Harriet
• Attaches to rightmost word in phrase

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Reduced pronouns etc.

• Function words which are pronounced without
  stress, usually with a schwa, often with other
  phonological simplification

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• Give him a hand
• g?v?m?hand
• Five to three
• fa?vt??ri?

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• Illustration of all these types
• w?l ba??r? b?ks? ??kl?ts
• We will buy her a box of chocolates