Social Consciousness Arts, Ideas, Technology

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Social ConsciousnessArts, Ideas, Technology
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European Urbanization
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Social Realism and the Novel

• Spread of education
• Increase in literacy
• Writers entertained and instructed their readers
• Romanticism has turned to Realism
• (late 19th century)

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The Writer as Critic

• Charles Dickens
• Realistic and bizarre
• Attacks unjust human behavior using a poetic
  voice
• Attacked social inequalities

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The writer as critic

• Charles Dickens
• Bleak House
• Attacked British legal system
• Led to legal reform in the 1860s

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The writer as critic

• Charles Dickens
• Hard Times 1854
• Attacks industrial society
• Education without humanity can destroy those who
  it seems to help

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The writer as critic

• Charles Dickens
• Oliver Twist
• Harsh realities of young children who are poor
• Life in orphanages detrimental to childs health
  and well-being

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The writer as critic

• Mary Ann Evans
• George Eliot (alias)
• Middlemarch
• ways people are shaped by social medium and their
  own inner conflicts, and choices

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The writer as critic

• Gustave Flaubert
• Madame Bovary
• Attacked middle class
• Emma Bovary, married woman who has an affair
• Overdoses on arsenic when she knows her secret
  will be revealed

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Realism in the Visual Arts

• Honore Daumier
• Paintings, lithographs, sculpted statuettes
• Bitter and angry over the abuse of power in
  society
• Deep resentment of legal injustices and corruption

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Realism in the Visual Arts

• Honore Daumier
• -Paintings, lithographs, sculpted statuettes
• Bitter and angry over the abuse of power in
  society
• Deep resentment of legal injustices and
  corruption

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Realism in the Visual Arts

• Honore Daumier
• Paintings, lithographs, sculpted statuettes
• Bitter and angry over the abuse of power in
  society
• Deep resentment of legal injustices and
  corruption

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Realism in the Visual Arts

• Honore Daumier
• Paintings, lithographs, sculpted statuettes
• Bitter and angry over the abuse of power in
  society
• Deep resentment of legal injustices and
  corruption

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Realism in the Visual Arts

• Honore Daumier
• Paintings, lithographs, sculpted statuettes
• Bitter and angry over the abuse of power in
  society
• Deep resentment of legal injustices and
  corruption

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Realism in the Visual Arts
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Realism in the Visual Arts

• Gustave Courbet
• Rejected Romanticism of Delacroix
• Believed in naturalistic depictions of world
• Painted peasants and workers

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Realism in the Visual Arts

• Gustave Courbet
• Was a socialist
• Avoided the sentimental just as Realist writers
  did

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The Promise of Technology
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The Promise of Technology

• The Crystal Palace
• Competition announced for design of an exhibit
  pavilion
• Joseph Paxton
• 3 story building (neo-Gothic style)
• Individual exhibits lined either side of the huge
  central space
• Built entirely of glass

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The Promise of Technology

• The Crystal Palace
• a triumph of civil engineering
• 300,000 panes of glass

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Industrialization on display

• The Crystal Palace
• 100,000 industrial products from around the world
• Raw materials, machinery, textiles, metal and
  ceramic products, fine arts

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Industrialization on display

• The Crystal Palace
• Ice-making machines
• Sewing machine
• Model for a canal across the Suez

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Industrialization on display

• The Crystal Palace
• 6 million people visited the exhibition
• Palace dismantled and moved to another location

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Pace of industrialization

• 1850-1873 (2nd wave)
• Increased 10 every year
• Coal, iron, textiles, steam power
• France, Belgium, Germany
• The Continent adopted British technology

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Economic Growth

• 1850-1873
• Population growth slowed down after 1850
• Decline in births
• Parents consciously limited family size
• More children living to adult age so population
  steadily increased but not dramatically

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Economic Growth

• Consumer goods
• High volume of consumption so lower birth rate
  didnt affect demand for consumer goods

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Economic Growth

• Consumer goods
• Aging population led to emphasis on industrial
  products
• Increase in prosperity produced rising sales
• New markets overseas
• Prices went up
• Real wages (actual purchasing power) grew

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Textiles

• Great demand
• Large numbers of workers
• Improved machinery
• GB by 1850 had fully mechanized textile industry
• Cotton remained dominant fabric

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Textiles

• 1843 GB lifted ban on exporting machinery
• 1870 France and Germany involved in mechanization
  ( but not ahead of GB)
• Increase in output and decrease in production
  costs

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Coal and Steam

• Coal major fuel source for 19th c
• Until 1890s GB greatest coal-producing nation
• France coal deposits inferior quality
• German states rich mineral resources

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Coal and Steam

• Coal major fuel source for 19th c
• 1871 G. unification coal output rose 2 ½ times
  France

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Coal and Steam

• Steam engines
• Increase in coal supplies led to development of
  efficient steam engines
• French tariff on imported steam curtailed their
  use
• Relied on water power

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Iron

• Instead of costly charcoal coke was used in blast
  furnace to smelt ore into cast iron
• Mid 1840s rolling mills designed to make iron
  beams for rails

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Iron

• 1845 90 Belgian cast iron was made in coke blast
  furnaces
• 1850s railroads brought two materials together,
  France tripled its iron output

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Iron

• Pig iron increased 1850-1870 by 70

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Iron

• After mid-century demand for stronger metal
• What could it be???

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Railroads

• Continent
• Industrialization took place with railroad
  production
• Napoleon III encouraged rail construction
• 1870 had 10,000 miles of track

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Impact of Railroads

• British rails built with private capitals
• French state produced land
• Long-term lease to private companies

Claude Monet, Gare Saint-Lazare, 1877
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Impact of Railroads

• Lowered transportation costs
• Stimulated new technologies in iron, coal
• New tracts of farmland in U.S. (European capital
  was invested)

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Impact of Railroads

• Investment banks started to raise capital
• Lines linked regions to one another
• Rise of national spirit

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Impact of Railroads

• Helped process of unification
• Modern military strategy
• Encouraged growth of cities
• Working class could travel long distances
• Escape inner cities