Motivation Ch. 5

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Motivation Ch. 5

• Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

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Definitions

• Intrinsic motivation internal impetus to
  pursue our interests exert effort to reach
  goals develop our skills and abilities
• Source of intrinsic motivation need fulfillment

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Definitions

• Extrinsic motivation external impetus arising
  from incentives, consequences, and/or
  reciprocities
• Source of extrinsic motivation the environment
  OR internal values
• Study for your test and you can play video
  games
• Ill read the book for class because I should

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Learning Theory and Motivation

• Operant conditioning an organism operates on
  the environment to achieve some reward or
  punishment
• Formula S R ? C
• S situational cue
• R response
• C consequence

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Explaining the Formula

• What does the colon mean?
• What does the arrow mean?
• The situation only provides options the choice
  you make leads to consequences

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Incentives

• Something that attracts or repels us through its
  perceived value
• Incentives always precede behavior and are mostly
  learned through life experience

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Incentives vs. Consequences

• Incentives
• Precede behavior
• Alter the likelihood of particular behaviors
• Consequences
• Follow behavior
• Affect the persistence of particular behaviors

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Defining a Reinforcer

• The circularity problem
• The a priori challenge

• Stimulus that decreases drive
• Stimulus that decreases arousal
• Stimulus that increases arousal
• Attractive environmental object
• Pleasurable brain stimulation
• Opportunity to perform a high-frequency activity

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The Retainer Study (p. 117)

• Note
• Immediate monetary payoff led to the best
  compliance
• Reinforcers vary in their quality
• HOW the reinforcer is delivered has impact as well

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Reinforcement in Depth

• Positive reinforcement You get something that
  you want
• Negative reinforcement You avoid something that
  you dont want
• Punishment You get something that you dont want

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Positive Reinforcers

• A stimulus that increases the future likelihood
  of a particular behavior
• How long would you go to work without getting
  paid?
• How important would that competition be if there
  was no prize?
• How long would you go to school without grades?

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Negative Reinforcers

• A stimulus that, when removed, increases the
  future likelihood of a particular behavior
• The snooze button removes what?
• The cigarette removes what?
• The Advil removes what?
• Giving in to your child removes what?

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Punishment

• A stimulus that decreases the future likelihood
  of a particular behavior
• You break the law, you go to jail
• You treat him/her wrong, s/he leaves you
• You do this, youll lose that

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Does Punishment Work?

• Why does it fail?
• What is it good for?

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I Was Spanked, and Im Fine!

• Variables correlated with frequent corporal
  punishment (p. 122)
• Aggression
• Antisocial behaviors
• Poor internalization of morality
• Impairment of parent-child relations
• Greater likelihood of delivering abuse to others
• Inability to cope effectively with stressors

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Hidden Costs of Reward

• If we reward an intrinsically-motivated behavior,
  what happens?
• Why does this happen?

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An Experiment

• Sample Children with high interest in drawing
• Groups
• Expected reward
• No reward
• Unexpected reward
• Children drew in each group, and then one week
  later, came back to draw again on their own

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Results
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Factors At Work

• Not all extrinsic motivators are capable of
  eroding intrinsic motivation
• The important factors are expectancy and
  tangibility
• Incentives with these two factors are more
  corrosive to intrinsic motivation

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Implications

• Good news, bad news
• Extrinsic rewards do not HAVE to erode our
  interest in a task, but we often rely on those
  that do
• Other problems
• Learning interference
• Performance over mastery
• Proneness to negative emotionality
• Passive information processing

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Further Implications

• Memorization vs. conceptual understanding
• Speed vs. quality of solutions
• Cessation of behavior after reward attainment
• Interference with the development of
  self-regulation

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When To Use Extrinsic Motivators

• When the task is uninteresting or aversive
• Examples
• Household chores
• Preventing drunk driving
• Seat belt usage
• Recycling
• Habit breaking and prevention

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Cognitive Evaluation Theory

• Proposition 1
• Is the purpose of the extrinsic event to control
  anothers behavior?
• Proposition 2
• Is the purpose of the extrinsic event to inform
  anothers sense of competence?

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Cognitive Evaluation Theory

• Proposition 3
• The answers to Questions 1 and 2 determine the
  informational and controlling nature of the event
• Examples
• Praise informational vs. controlling phrases
• Competition informational vs. controlling
  mentality

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Why Facilitate Intrinsic Motivation?

• Increased persistence
• Increased creativity
• Higher-quality learning
• Optimal functioning and well-being

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Types of Extrinsic Motivation

• External regulation
• Introjected regulation
• Identified regulation
• Integrated regulation

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Strategies

• Promote internalization through rationales and
  explanations of behaviors
• Use challenge, variety or fantasy to promote
  interest in the task
• Use external rewards but only in a
  competence-informing manner